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CYCLOPEDIA

or

BIBLICAL,

THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE.

nUPABED BC

THE REV. JOHN M'CLINTOCK, D.D., JAMES STRONG, ST.D.

Vol. II.— C, D

NEW YORK:

"HARPER 4 BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, ^ rRAMSLIN SQDABa

b.Gooi^lc

- I\

Entered, according to Act of Congress, m the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, by

HARPER & BROTHERS,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New Yftrk.

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LIST OF WOOD-CUTS IN VOL II

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b/Goot^lc

CYCLOPEDIA

BmUCAL, THEOLOGICAL, AMD ECCLESIASTICAL LITEBATDRE.

CabpE.lafr.djioffiwTMHl; 8«pt. Ea^oc)i "hbu- ■n for thing* drr, mBntinned in 3 King* vi, 26. Tbs i^tbip* nuke It the sixth pirt of » teak ^. V,) or ttt- (■■, uid tbc eight*«nlh [Mit of aa apb«h. This would bt noil; tev qmartt Eugliih mssBiiTe. Sm Ueabdre.

C&tMla, the title of the celebrated aj'atein ot relig- km philowipliT, or more properly thawophy, which hu jJajed M linportaDt a poit in the theola(pul and eugHia] litentnre of both JewB and Christiana ever nart the Middle Ag«. See PHii^aoPMr. The fol- tinriii|r iccounC at it is partly cwnpiled rrom Henng'i Bnl-tlmijUupdilie,

I, Tfc A'aiK.— K*BBALA (from the Heb. M^3p, Kob^ak'^ the meivrd^^ properly denotes ncrpHon^ Ihtn a iKtriin reerivnl ftj arni tradiiiim. The term is thus in itself nearly equivalent to "transmission," Uk* tht Latin trnjin'o — JUattora, fnr which last, in- iiti, the Talmud makea It Interchangeable In the ■UKment, " Hoses received (^Xp) the I^w on Uannt !<iaaL and tmumitted 0&^) >t to Joebaa." The dlf- ftnBce betwecD il, however, and the word ITJIOO (tm ^D'^, ftr delirer) is, that the ftmntr expresses Ihe ad tfrtftivimg, while the latter denotes tht act ofgw- Hf ottr, tvrrtmi'triitg, tnmtmitHMg. The Cabala is also called by »nie n^FiBJ f^Sn, Kcr^ mufoin, becanae it prrtendi to be a very ancient and Mcrel tnditian, •ad ', n. jpron, titrat the Initials of these two words.

Tba term KMnUik Is empiofed In the Jewish writ- iip lo denote several tnditionsJ doctrines ; as, Tut * . that which constitated the creed of the patrl- e liefore the giving of the law ; thst nnwrit- Eta ritosl interpretation which the Jews believe wss nvesled by Cod to Hoses on the mount, and which wss at length committed to writing and formed the Ukhna. Besides being applied to these and other naiitir traditinns. It has also been uied in, compara- tirely speaking modem times, to denote a singulsr nyitic mode of interpreting the Old Tetument.

IVe are reminded by this indeflnite title thst among the Jews, as thiKugbont the fcreoter part of the East, haasD knowledge, whether historicsl or scientific, •Hted principally on a sort of (tmnrioa, and the l>t>t (Uin for its leception was an unbroken chain of tra- filiooiry evidence. Hence the care with which Juda- Lnn eslabliabed the reinUar consecution nf the sacred rmtoifisni of truth, fTom Moaei through J[»hua and the KHOtM greater jKvphels, thence through Ein ud " the iBreat Synagogue" to the taschers of later tinea, nhdlviding at length Into the varinun schools 9r pcriodi of particular rabbii and their hereditary sd- beieata. While, therefore, the truth was gradnallv exhibited hi the writings of the Law, the Prophets, tkeTalnod, the Cabala indicates the verbal expcai II.-l

of theae, orally transmitted along with them, and not generally known to the people, hut containing a deep- er or mere thoroughly inltiiited style of instruction. It thus came aitimately to designate a particular tbeo- iogico-philosopliical system, that arose and established itself in the bosom of Judaism, yet In a measure inde-

II. i>npHw(i>DciiinniIi,~ln>truction in Judaism be- ing principally verbal and founded on memory, its phases of development could necessarily leave but lit- tle mark on bi&torv; and as such a philosophy would tho* naturally, in pR>ces« of time, liecome a mystery, at least in the view of posterity, the origin and prog- ress of the Cabala are yet largely matter* of cunjecture, and it is even a subjactofscientlHc controversy wheth- er in its speculative form It can l>e distinctly tracid eirlier than the Middle Ages, although its leading principles appear to have lieen derived from ancient documenta, the nature of which la still very imperfect- ly understood, such as the sD-called revelations of Adam, Abraham, Hoses, Ezra, sic. See Ai-ochypiia. The Talmud, indeed (both in the Micbna and Gemars

trine imparted only to a few carefullv selected persons, and even applies to it certain fanciful names (drawn ftom the phraseology of Gen. i, 1, and Eiek. i, 1), sig- niflcant retiprcUvely of a ppeculative oimi^ogy and a speculative thtoiogy; but it is uncertain whether theae designate definite treatisef, nr, Ifso. whether these have in any identifiable form descended to modem times. The only works which can with any |— fsiaty claim to embody these ejrliest views are the follDwlng two, thM became the acknowledged texts of the Cabala in the lat- ter pjrt of the Uiddle Ages; a third cabaliatlc trMtlsa (called the ^■'HS "IDD, S'phtr Bachir, or CHre Boi*\ which is found in an ^tion of AmFt. IGSl, and attrib- uted to B rablii, Necboniah Ben-Hakua, of the fltrt century, ha* long ago been generally acknowledged to be fictitious, although a cabaiietic work of the same title is mentioned »s early as the fourteenth century.

The first of these is the Boot of Crtatum {tSO n^"S% S pkr Ytlarah, often reprinted, as ed. Steph. Hittangel, Amst. 164!, vrith a I-atin translation and commentary ; and the ed. of J. F. van Heyer, with • German translation and cnmmentarj-, Leipi. 1630, 4toX ascribed to the renowned rabbi Akiba (A.D. J20). It is a rather short traatisa, In oracnlar sentences, the language of which, more obscure in import than in fum). does not resemUe the Hebrew of the Miehna. As a bonk of the some title appears to )te already men- tioned in the Gen-aro, where wonderhil povter ia os- ; cribed to It, and as R. Soadias Is swd to hav* com- . mented upon It as early as the tenth century. It Is certain that wa can ascend lo a considerable aatluii^ ' in traciaj it* anlhjrity. See Jbzibau. i|^

CABALA

Tbe otber «nd more Importunt csbiiUitic tut la tbe

(taiD Dbd. xU, 3), flivt printed ut Creniuiu aod Hia- ta* in IJCO. and ninut, often reprintrd, m atSulibach Id l^A, M., wiih variuua addilii»i«. Tndition ta- (■llHt thu work to ■ contempuiiuy uf K. AkiM, nam«- 1t, II. Simeiin B«D Jochi-i, ■ teiL-her much praised io lite Tuliiruiirar bin (;T««twudoni and legal knowledge, ■khoucb nt'tbing U there naid direnly of hi* writing;*. ■■creduloiu cridcbiin conaider* it aa a imiductlon of tbe thirteenth century, tbe time of tu firft appearjiice is thehiBtory of literature, and aicribci ittu a Spanish .1*11, ilaiet of Leon. It appear*, bowever, to lie older than thi«, having prolwblj ori|dna1ly epiwared pieee- mtal in tbo E^n at intrrTali, the whole lieing com- plfted <n it* pre»nt fonn about the eighth eeoturr. It includes certoln special tract) nr treatiiei, in which tbe author aeeina especially to develop fall oun aenti- ■Hntn, and whieb form, ao to rpeak, ^e kernel of tbe FcieDce K>U|;bt to be imparted. Tbrea

tbcliiin made l>y tbe J^wa, however, lietween a great a«d a Fmill Zohur aomstimes rafetn to tbe varying It' nj" of the elitiona merely. See Zohar.

Itl. Famfamialal Doetr'n-t. — These are tomewhat dmrerently expouuded in the above-named booh tbe aeparate article! on which tbe reader la therefcire referred for full particnbra), and mwl at large in tfai latter. The fullowing, however, ta ■ lummaiy of tbe e«1>aliatic viewa a* exprened in the general writing* of liit?r autbora of that acbool ;

1. Salart "/ t*e DnVp.— (iod la aljove everything, •Ten alnre beinn and thinkinK- It cannot, therefore, ba aaid of him that he baa either a will, Intention, de- rire. thouKbt. language, or action, rince theae propei

■ tie', wbich adnm man. bave limits, whereas God la in •Tery wjy boundless, because he is perfect. Owing to this Loiindlesaness of his nature, which neoesaaril inplies aluolute unity and Immutabilily, and thi there is nothing without him, i.e. that the 'ru irnv is i bhn, he is callnl EK-SnpH — irfrWf nit, boandirH, and can neither be comprehended by the intellect nor de- MTibed with vords, for there ia nothing wbicb can grvp and depict him to us. In this lnroniprehcn»i- Ulicy or boundlesfnees, God, or the EnSiph (;;*S ^'K), ia in a certain sense not existent ('i7K)i since, as far aa our mind Is concerned, that which la incamprehenai- Ue does not exist. Hence, without making liimaelf camprehensihle, his existence could never have been known. He had, therefore, to Income active am ative in order that his existence might become percep- tible.

2. Drwtppmnt ofiht A4y.— Bat since, on tbe oi band, the will to create, which implies limit, and tbe ek-comscrihod and imperfect nature of this world, pre- clude the idea of taking it as the direct creatinn of him who can have no will, nor produce anything but what ta like himself, lioundlesa and perfect; and since, on the other hand, the beautiful design and order dia- Pluycd in tbe world, which plunly indicate an intelli- genl and active will, forbid us to regard it as tbe nlT- ■pring of cbince, the En-Soph must be viewed as the Creator of the world in m imdirtrt m-Hiarr, thmugh the medium often "SepAiroth" or iairUiifnTrr, which em- Basted from the En-Soph. The etyniolngy and exact meaning of the word are obscure. It is the plur. lYJI^BC, tfphiroA', of nn-^BO, which R, Asariel, the flr^t Cabal ist, derives from ~'VZ, iaphar',io numUr; while later Calulista derive it from ^"Bp. lappir', the tappiirt, ftom the word C"7pO"S. "declare." In Psa. uLt. 1, or even ttttm the Greek a^ainat. iphrnt.

Prom his infinite fulness of light the An-.^ipt sent Arth at Drat one ■piritual substance or intelligence : tbis intelligence, which cxiiled Id the f.i-S'T A from all

eternity, and which became a reality by a mere act, ountuiiied tbe nine other intelligences or Sr/hlnitL. Great stress is laid upon the fact that tbe first Sipki- mA waa not creaicii, but waa aimply tn emanation (rtS^Xit); and the diflbrence between creation and emanation la [bua defined, (bU in the former a dimi- nation of strength takes place, while in tbe latter tbia is not the case. From the first ^rpi-'rali emanated tbfl second, IVom tlie second tbe third, from the third th« fourth, and so on, one proceeding from the other, till Jfae nuDibcr ten. Th^ ten Sipkirdk form imon^ ihemselves, and with the Eit-ScpA, a rtrirt unity, and fimply represent different a; pects of one i.nd the aame Being, just as the fl.me and ppaiks which proceed from tbe lire, and wliich appear different things to the eye, form only different manitcrl^.tionB of Ibe Hme Ore. Differing thus from each other simply as dlffrr- ent colors of the same light, all the ten emanations alike pirtske of the £n..vn}iA. They Lte bonndlna, snd yet conatituta tbe lirrt Unite things ; >o thiit tbev are i«th iniinile and finite. They sre Infinite and perfect, like the En-Ucpi, when he Imparts bis fulness to tbem, and finite and impi rfei't when that falneae is withdrawn ftom tliem. 1 he finite side of the rmau- tion of the Srj iiro.'I ia alwjlutely necesf ary, f r Ibare- by the ineumprehensjble E*-Si>fk uukea 1 la existeDce knoan Id tlie humj<n intellect, wbiili can only grvp that which has meirur", limit, and rektion. Frriu their finite side the 8 ph!nilh may even be called bnli- ly, and this renders it possil.le for the En-Hojli, who ia

8. Fomu of'hii Ilterbfme<d.—Jht ten SipMroli. every one of which bas its own name, are divided into three grotips of three Jiiptirtiti each, respectively op- erating upon tbe three worlds, t1», the world of intel.

lect (^:3n C^ir}, the world of souls (-Sin s^ir), and the world of matter (SS'jn D^^;). I. The'lii at group operates upon the intellectual world, and con- sists of Spkirotk 1, dBDominated •irs, or nix^ n^-i, the cromi, or the imteralable Arigkl ; % called rrasn, the creative tnarJon ; and 3, called tli'Z, tbe conceiv- ing inlelbri. The result of the comliination of the Ut- ter two (as "father" and "mother") is likewise repre- sented as rr^, or ht vlifyi, L e. concrete thought, tfa a universe of mind, the effect ofXiiyoc. IT The second group exercL<ies its power upon the moral worid, and consists of Sjiliiroii i, called lOtl. infinite ffraet (also nVni, gnaliKu); 6, called ""'?, or ri^SS^ dirine jailicf, or Judicial powrr ; and 6, which ia called n^JtlFI, Ae/iu/y, and is the connecting link between the opposite Srjikirotk i and 6. III. Tbe third gronp exercises its power upon the material trorld, and con- sisU of SrpUnth 7, called nSS.jS™. Bi-at ,- P, called n»n, iplrmbiHr; and 9, which is called 1"07, the primary /vimitili n, and is the connecting link lietween the two opposite .•irphlrolA, 7 and 8. SrpUrah 10 Is called riA-t, iingdom, and denotea Providence or the n>- vealed Deity (n3-:c. Sheklnab) which dwells In the midst of the Jewish people, goes with them and pro- tects tbem in all their wanderings and captivities. The first triad is placed al^ve, and the second and third triads, with tbe unit, arc |uit below, in aech a mannT that the fiiur Srphimrh called fron, bmnlg, fivndiili/ti, and Hngd4rm, form a central perpendicolar line denominated lie m-dille pUbrr ('rxrtt naST). This division yields three different forms 'in » hirli the ten Srpiirolh are represented by the Cahalistf, and which we sulijoin in order to make the description more intelligil'lc. The firrl represents an inrertwl tree, called V^n yT. He trtr o/'i/V, while tbe second and third are bumin figurer, called "" -7i? =^(<. '*« pri- merol nun. Yet, not w)tbp binding the different ap-

<:kUUk Di^s^uu nf lb* '■ StpUnUi." pcsniMw of th«M thr» form*, tin Sr^roih nagnl ibal the tbrM triaila and tbe middle pillar are to Im distingniahed in each ons of them.

4, Prootira of Ike Dlaae ZtrnJopsiflil.— Thesa Srplrl nffc, or God throagh tbam, creiUwl the lover and v'lt- iMe world, of which everjthing has iu prototype in the nppar world. " Tha whole world is like > gigan- tic tm fall of branches and leavers, the root of which h ihi! apirituil world of tfaa Strath: nr it b like a flrmly united chain, the lait link of which is attachaiJ ID tba upper irorld ; or like an Imminie aea, which is beina cnn^untly filled by a ipring Bverl««tingty gush- ing forth its stnams." The .'itphirMh, through the di- Tine power immjnent in them, uphrdd the world which th«T have created, and transmit to it the divine mer. ri™ bT means of twelve channels (nTT!K> This tnnaminioii of the divine mercies can b« iiccelerateil by pnyer, sacrifices, and religious observances; and t^ Jewish people, by virtue of the revelHtion, and the 613 commandments given to them («« Schools), faive npeciftlly been ordained to obtain these blessings (;E5) for the whole world. Hence the great mysto. rtes oT the Jewish ritual CM^'^EPn lie); hence the pRiloDiid secrets contained in'every word and syllable tl tha formnlarr of prayers ; and bence the declars. tioa that "tbe pious conatitnte the foundation of the wofM" (3i-i3 tS07 pinS). Not only doee tbe E*. Stfi reveal himself through the SfjMmli, but he also becomes incarnate in them, which accounts for the an- thnpomorpbisms of .Scripture and the Kagula. Thus, ■ben it is said that "God spake, descended upon rath, aaccoded into heaven, smelled the sweet smell of BKrificei, repented in his heart, was angrj-," eU:., I* whea the Ha^^ie works describe the body and the ■uiiloa* of God, etc., ail this does not refer to the D^~Safii, but to these intennedlate beings. These Sipiinti again beoune incarnate in the patriarchs, «. g. Srpkira i, Jon wss incarnate in Abrahai

n Iu:

■: 6,b,

7,Jf™,wMinHo

Ms; S, 4>£nlor in Aaron J 9. /oinsdafwa in Joseph ; 30, timgdam in David i and they constitute the chariot throoe (TOa^^).

4. The p^rialcgf of the Cabala is one of Its most iapottant features. All human soul* are pre-exi»tont ia the worid of the Swiirolk, and are, without >n ex- ception, destined to InRabit human bodies, and pursue tbeir oDorse upon earth for s certain period of proba- lion. If, ootwithsWnding its union with the body, iha sodI resists all earthly trammels, and remains For*, it a*«ndi after death into the i>pirit<ial kingdom, •ltd has a share in the world of Srplihvli. Bnt if, on Ike eoolwy. it becomes contaminated by that which is earthlj.the soul must inhabit the tody again and ■«ain paV- i'^^"'?) till it is able to ascend in a pu- liSed stale, throvgh repeated trial (restricted by Nach- ■ ninldea and the later ciballsts to Ikree trsnsmigra- liMu). Tht apparently undeserved luHiuings which |

CABALA

the pions have Fometimes to endore here below are simply deeigned to purify their fouls. Hence God's justice is not to be impugned when the rlgliteous are sSlicted and the wicked prosper. This doctrine of the transmigration of souls is supported liy an appeal to the injunctinn in the Bible, that a man mu»t marry the widow of his brother if be died without issue, ins'- much as by this is designed, say the cubalbts, that tha soul of the departed cme might be bom again, and fln- loh its earthly course. Very few new souls enter into tbe world, because many of the old iwuls which have already Inhsliited liodies have to re-enter those vho are bom, in consequence of their having polluted them- selves in their previous bodily existence. '1 his retards tbe great redemption of Israel, which cannot take place till all the pre-existent souls have been Ixirn upon earth, because the soul of the Messiah, xhich, like all other souls, baa its pre-ezistence in the world of the Bpintsorthe«rpAii'DfA,is tobetbelastbom one at (As nd of dayt, which is supported by an appeal to the Talmud (IVionri*, 63, a). Then the great jubilee year will commence, when the whole pleroma of souls (niia^m -Ix'iK), cleansed and purifled, and released from earth, shall ascend, in glorious companv, into heaven. See MKTEMi^ircuosis.

IV. Origin, Date, Deiiga, <md Sihlicm of the Citlxda. —The rise of Cabalbni is involved in greut obecuritv. The Jews ascribe It to Adam, or to Abraham, or to Moses, or to Illzra, the last being apparentiv counte- nanced by 2 Esdr. xiv, 20.-18. 1 he opinlons'of Chris- tian writers are as variously divided ; and the Cabala ia such a complex whole, and has been aggregated to. gsthor at such distant periods, that no general jndg- can ajqily to it. In its crude form It is undoubt- . to he attributed to the authors of the books Jezi- rah and /ohar above named, and therefore cannot be ligned an earlier djlo than these writings. Its full- and more mature doctrines, however, as above de> ested, are due to the speculations of later masters of this school. The account nf this theoeophy has lieen greatly ohscurcd by modem writers, who, in their description of the Cabala, confound its doctrines with i*» JrEciiA mysrieism propounded in the works called ike AljAafift ofR. Aliha (X3-p5 '~n sria XB^St, or (ta-'pS Si n^nx), tht Drtn-lplim fflhe BbiIs of God (n-aip lljiB), mdthe DtUnralim ofOit Awrccis- Iff Ttmpin (nbs-ni. Even tbe book Jiirah does contain the doctrines of the Cabsla as above ex- ided. AH these productions, and others of a sim- ilar nature so fref[uently quoted liy writers who give an analysis of the Cabala, know little or nothing of the SrpAiroti, and of the speculations Bl>out the En- ^qpA, or the being of God, which constitute the essence of the Cabala. Nevertheless, these works are unques- lily to be roLTirded ni. Atmij induced Ihr mnrt rr- IpfOihtinai nf Ihr Otbala, by the dillirtilty in 1 they placed the Jews In the south of France. 1 Catnlonls, who believed In them almiHt as much aa in the Itible, and who were driven to contrive this stem whereby they could explain to themselves, as ill as totheirassaiUnts, the gross descriptions of the Deity, and of tbe plains of heaven, given in these Ho- gadic productions. Being unalile to go to the extreme of the rigid literalists of the north of France and Ger-

- higher

implicitly accepted the difficulties and anlhrnpumor- phisms of tbe Bible and Hsgada in their mmt literal senee ; or to adopt the other extreme of the followers of Maimonides, who rejected altogether the Hagsdic and mystical writings, and rationallied the Scriptnras, it may be conjectured that Is.iac the blind contrived, ■nd his two disciples, Eira and Azariel or Zerona, de- veloped the modem system of Cabalif m (a)iout 1:!(I0~ 1230), which steers between these two extremes. By msans of the Sfphiroth all the antliropomorphbma In

CABALA

the BiU«, in UiB Kagada, and evan In lie SIdur Kama,- an at onca taken fniiii the Deity, and yst liMraBly ex-

plaiDcd; while tb« lacriticlalinFlitutiaiiB.tbe preeepta, andlfaeritiulorihc HlUle and 1'almiul, renlveattha aame time ■ profound (plrltiml import. The Cabala in iU preatat ttata ia therefura a bernieneutlral aya- tam, which. In part at leaat, vai in^titntfd to oppoaa the philoaaphlcal school o( Haimonides (q. v.).

The relationthip belireen the Cabala and Keo-Pla- toahm U apparent. The Cabala eleTatee God aljive iieinic and Uiinking, and likewiaa deniea all divine at- tril.utenj ao doee Neo-PLtoniam. The Cabala, liice Neo-Platoniam, p)«c» intelligent principle! or lub- ■Uncea between the Dnity and the wurld. The Cabala laachea that the StpUnlk, which emanated from God, an not equal to God ; Keo-Hatonlsni taachea that the tnhaUncea, thought, spirit, and nature Ci'ofie, li'i'OT.and 'bich proceeded from one being, are not equal

r origin (om

ITO.' ii 1

TOi

and the CaLiala bus adopted the very same clauificatini of the SrpUrvih Into the three grei,! spherea of intelli- gence, animation, and matter. 1'he comparison be- tween the emanation of the Srf,ltirolk ttma the En- Soph, and the tayi proceeding from light to deacribe immanency and perfect unili-, la the aame as the Nao- rbtonic figure to illustute tbe emanationa from the one Being (ulov la ^nif r>> i£ al'TiiB mpiXnfi^i'). Tlie doctrine nT the Cabala, that most of the soola whieh enter tbe world have owupl^d l>odiea upon this earth heton\ ii Neo-1'Ltonlc (comp. Zaller, Cridt. drr PUimtpiit, III, ii, »I4}. See Nf.o-Pi.ato!(1)im.

V. Later Pntcnrt r-f Cabiditm. — In tlie bands of

cret knowledge wua nut only studied in ita philosoph- ical l)earln);. hut also, and even rather, under two new Bspi!ct4 (which were not mentioned by their predecea- aoro, and which carried it farther than it went at hrat, tliougb by this we do not mean to say that it received any pnsittvely novel additions), namely, the practical application and the hmnnmliral method. We find that in oblen times secret philosophical science and magic went hand in hand. 1'be soTctrer mentioned in Acta xiii was called by the Arab name of dV'^S, Ae mcrrt, i. e . learned ; In Acts xix we read of books of magic which were at Epliesus; the sporadic mentions mide of the Cabala in the Talmud are accompanied by descriptions of mlraclsa. When B. Chahina and B.Othla studied the book of Jexlrab, we are told in tbe treatise aimAidrim of the Gemara, they alao made each time a three-year-old cow, and lived thereon. It ia no wonder, then, if the Jewish cabatiRta of the latter part of the Kiddie Ages transmitted the conceptinn of their science to their Christian adejits, not only as specuUtive C^'"?"'?), b" "li" " practical (n'-isr^), i. e. in plain English, that they connected with it the Idea tbnt a true cabalist must at the same time be a aorcerer. It is self-evident, however, that we must here distinguish between theosophlc overstfaining and mere Juggling, although in actual practice the diS^- ence may sometimes have been hard to perceive. The affects hoped for or believed in magic wwe accordlnirly transmitted outwardly through amuleta, tilisinaiis, exorciiims, images, slgnF, and such things, consisting of cert.iin writitiea, names of angels, or mysterious letters, whose connection, however, always leads back to tbe name of God, This last, unpro- nounceable to the unconseerated. but known to the cabalist, whether it consist of four (i'l-in'') twelve, or forty-two letters (numben which result frohi combina- tions from the Sepblr system), was. as such, called Dd Oi^illsn, tit didoT'd now ; and he who knew bow to MM it' was a D^H ^73. or maOtr of Iht name. The well-known implements of magic, such as Solomon's keys, tbe shield of David, etc., owe their origin to this line of ideas. Amateurs will find a ver}- enlertaiaiog

I CABALA

account of these thlnga In Eisenmcngcr'a Emldtfitn Jvdatllam, in Schndt'a Jetciik Curiaiilit4, and other works of the same character. Seo AxnLEr.

The exegetical Ingenuity of Ihs Cabala la interest- ing to tbe theologian. The principle of tbe mystic in- terprnition of Scripture is unlTprsol, not particular la such or such schools, as every one will perceive In Cborch hiitory. and even iu the hiflory of Greek lit- erature. We And it in Pbilo, in the New Teat., in th« writings of the fathers, in tbe Tabawl, and in the Ze- kar; and Ibe more it depurts trrnn the spirit of the aa- cred text, the more hud the latter ta be brought to its support by distortiona of ita meaning. For sncb ope- ration there are no known rulca except the exigenciea of the case and the suljective mars of the sense. Seo MraTiciaM. In the mean time, the Jews bad already, by the arbitrary character of their alphabet, arrived ht all manner of subtletiea, of wblch we have already iso- lated examples in earlier writings, but which were er> pacially estal^lished aa ■ rlrtuosoship in post-Zobarlc tlmea. From tbia araae the following specie* of caba- listic transfbnnallcn : IsL K^STI, Grmatiia (^jiaipi- rpla),i.e. the art nfdiacovering the hidden sense of Ibe text by means of the numerical equivalents of the let- ters. For example, in the lirHt and last tfihs of th« Hebrew Bil.Io are found six K'a, which, acoardlng to Ibis method, means that the world Is to last flOOO year*. Tbe numerical equi\'a]ent of the first word of Geneaia is 9IB, which is also tbe nnmber given by the worda ^?7 n^lPa (Sy UU idw He/omni U, i. e. tbe world), (torn whence It follows that tbe law existed before tbo creation, and that the latter was accomplished throuRh the former. If the second word of Genesis (if^a) bo added to the first, the result is 1116, which is also the equivalent of !t^31 HirH dxina (in tkt brffnmmf rf !he year it ittu matti), by which is known that God created the world in the beginning of the year — that is, in the season of Autumn. Tbe antiquity of (his method is already shown in Rev. xill, 18, where Ihe solution must be ciphered out with the aid of the lln- brew (or Greek) alphaiicl. It is also considered as Gematria when Oibllcul num)-cr< — ftir Instance, di- mensions of buildings — are expressed In letlerr, anil words again made of them. Still later came specula Hona on the greater, smaller, inverted, and suspended letters found In the Masoretic text ; for instance, Deut. vl, 4; Gen. ii, 1; Num. x, M; Jndg. iviii, SO, In whlcb some dpep meaning ia looked for, altbou. h they nay perhaps hare originally been but peculiar msrka to aid memory. !d. Tbe particuUriy so-called "fig- urative" (n-'^nnx) Cabala, "i^p^^ai!, SotarihoK (fmm LaL notart, to extract), conalita in framing with each letter of a word several new ones, e. g. troia the firat word of Genesis aix can tfaoa be ftamed; K'^S, ks made; S^p^, Ihafiraammt; ^^S, tkt tarlkt OTBl^, Iktk-aoeiui D^,<A«Ko,- Oinni tte oftyss. Wo thus learn the correct scientific nature of the unlverae, bo- sides the proper meaning of the text. Again, it con. Msts in taking the fitit letters of several worda to form a new one: e. g. Deut. xxx, 12, n^aEll »5i-nb?^ -Q, who iJiaBbriiip la lo kfaomT Answer: nS^, ctrcBia. cutoa. ad, n^ilSFI, TemtiraA {pemmtatiai), the ani. gram, of two kinds. The sim[de is a mere transposi- tion of the letters of a word; e. g. we thus learn thit the angel in Exod. xxiii, 23 C3!tV?< "9 "ttgrt) Was the angel lilichael (bttS'p). The mors ingenious kind ta that by which, according to certain estibllalMd rule*. each letter of the alphabet acquires the slgniAcation oF another : as Aleph that of Tau, both that of Ayin. Then, again, the letters may be read fbrward and backward (which constitute the alphabet of AlkbiMik, ti^nx), or tbe first letter tbit of tbe twelfth, the *o«.

CABALA 1

<ad if tha thbtcMth, and tb« revuM (nuMiig the al- plubit cmBed AOam, SZ^). S«« AtbaCB. The Dm molUr^DDa tbeM triflca, Ih« cui«r it u to n- rirg in cvciy gircD cue it > reaalt, and lh« leaa wit or thoagbt u requind. Ttaiu the Cbiiatian tbeology of tbc ITIh ccntDiy, which iUe\t inclined to literal be- lief, ond which, bv iti atrong polemical aspect BKflinnt ihr Jew>, wu tad la a dil%enl stad; ot the cabuliiitic nt^ throBKh them fnond everywhere in the Old Teit. cuidencre of the Chriatian dagmas (s. g. Gen. i, 1,

r-cx^a^niar nrr\^ rriaVi^ ast hit ^a, i. e.jU-

In the 1 ;th century we find evidenea of a know]. •dtR of the cabaliitic ideu and methodi in the work* of the Spaniard Kaymood Lnltoi ; but with him, aa nil u among hla dirKt and indirect followen, tbete ibnnnta of Judaic philowphy tike the character of «ceDlnciti«9 and iDp^nti^na nioro tlian of grand ^acalalive theory. Two centuries elapsed after this before the Cabala really entered the circle of Clirinbn iBoital development. lis admiwon was prepared, on (be one hand, by the overthrow of the worn-out acho- lifdciim of Arialotle, and the conasqaent tondency to- ward Platonic idoji, although, of cnurtie, these latter w»tB yet la their more elementary form, m they had boea tranamltted to Alexandrli by Eastern Influpncei ; on the other hand, the same reiult wai conduced by in awakeniDg interest In the iitudy of nature, which, ncy, bul

entertain itself w

le Brat centuriea th

w oUural lawi r. Joined a third and more pow- -' ' lief handed down br the It all the wbdom of na- Jefly Platonic philosophy, actaatly took Ibar wigin bi the Hehralc revelation; that, fn a more •iteDdsd aenae than the pcqmlir religioue histories ad- nit, the Jewiab people were the poaHiswra and keep- enof a treanryorwiadDmattd knowled^ which ' er taakni reaearch could alone reveal. What wo li it, tben, if the avaertiop of tbe Cahallita tbat tbev peattdRd aoch a treasure found eredeneo and gaiDeii then liillowen? The progress of Chrlnians towi tbe Cabata wan greatly helped bv the eonverJion o lar^ DBmher of Jewa to Christianity, in which tb ncognised a cloaer relation to their Gnoetic viewa, a also by tbe Christianj perceivia .'(hat Gnnsticism could

the Jewa. Among the converted Jews we notice Panl Kkd, pbyadan In oidinuy to the Emperor Haximil ias, and antbor of Calrtlii Agriculiura; Judaa Bei laaae Abrshuwl (Leon Hehr«usi, son i.f the renowei tVvtagaeseexeifiat, Jind author of the Ajifeyiii; anun! AiBOBg Christiaoi we will only mention tlie two moe iBpartiUit: John Picodeila Mirandota and John Keach lia ; the foriBer ai a highly gifted and enthusiastic nya cTBtist, aaihor uf Coaoduiinvi cabbaliilifa wcimdam Kcrt*am ditriplimam aapra/^ llrbr. (1486) ; the o(her a &ithfal diKdple of the classics, in connection with

trvpitode. aothor of Dr eerio mififiro (M94); Ue artr cMaliiliea (151 ;). Hl^ and some other writings of Ibe ame hind, are collected in tbe wiirk A rlrt CuUo- MtnA. t. rtcimdila linilngia a phS-mjAiit Scripbinmi, \jmt. i (diiIciuX ex. bILI. J. Pisiorli (boaie, 1687, fol.). Ibe powerfb] prepottderauce of the religions and ChuKh intereats, as well aa those of practical politics, vUib became perceptible in the Rnt quarter of the ISth caatary, giving to tbe mind a positive impulse, and to ttadiea a substantjjl foundation, arrested the fanberdarelopment oftheCabalii; and when, in lal- IJT tlBKia. it W.1S occasion.illy tak?n ap again, it was ritber with the view of giving a faigh-aounding, mys-

■dhj

:h had not atreogtb enough .n as a genuino reannectioD

CABALA

TI. U/traiart. — As a sort of accedwry subject of the so-called Orientalism, and even of Biblical erudi- tion, the Cabala Is mentioned by tbe ancient archno- lognea and iaagogics (us Cunetis, Bttpabl. Iltbr, ; Wak ton, Pro'egg. 1 Hottinger, Tkmnirtu Fiitul. i Leosden, Philolngut Hrbr. ; Pfeifer, Critiea Sacra, and many olhera); but they contain nothing of importince re- specting it. Much more copious, though not yet com- plete. Is the inrnrmation contained in the worki of Bud- deua, rnhmphia E'Toomm (1702): Hackspsn, Mit- fUmta: Eniim,Sdtelaaaera,v, Riimmjnn,./il<fuak Th-vlogie. The worlt of Sommer, Speeinen Ik'olagia Sohineai (Goth. 17B4), is (like miny others which b'j- biici us quotes in the ilib'i •sniiM.i A nHq. p. -HG) onij a polemico-Bpologetic attempt at tiacing the Christian doctrine of (be Trinity in the C^ibsla. Of a higher philosophic character are the wotka of Wachter, ^it- Hotiimitt im JuikitlAaa. and t'JlHe'dariui cM(JulKVi i. ncoadUe E'lrjdrmn pAiiufjAia brtrii recauio (Amst. 1699), in which the polemic tone prevoUa. Next are B isnage, Nil. da J<af, (torn, ili), and Brucker, IIU. Pkiloi,<jiua (vol. ii), who, however, IVoni insulGcient study of the origin»l sources, acknowledges liimself unable to master ita intricate history. Among later writers we find the well-known works crfTennemann, Tiedemann, and Buhle. The line of tha mo.e recent monogiapbic researches liegina with Kieuksr (Ri.n, 17S6). But Christian writers, whose early knowledge of rabbinic literature bas been fast waning, uenerally forsake it. Thoiuck's treatise, i).- orfu Cabbult (IHST), treats only of a preliminary question. l.ntCerlieck, in tbe first volume of hia Xeulril. tjehrbrgrij. has a very interesting chapter on the Jeiirah and '/Miat. Moli- tor'a extensive work, Pldba. d. Gackiditt d. Tradilion (1S2T, pt. i-iii), is chiefly theoretical. Reuchlin <_Dt arte GiAWiifKci, 1517) is still a valuable authoritv. One of the latest is Echeridge (^JeraMalem md Tibtrua, Lond. 1!I56, 12mo). Next to the extensive work of Ad. Franck. La A'ctttotc oa la PhiloMopkie rtHgiaut dtt ' H^nmx (Paris, 1842; tr. by Jeliinek, l.p*. 1844), we name the PhihaupMii C'ibbali4t>ca el puHliriimut (183!) of M. Freystadt. See the Eclrrtk Jtec'ev, Feb. 1856; Chriilian litmm&nmar, April, 18C2.

The earliest cabulist was Asariel, whose Commtnlaiy OS tkc Dorlrine it/lht Stp/drolk (niT'tO nOS 1S11D), in questions and answers, has been published (War- saw, 1798; Berl. 1850); bImi his Conmenlarf on tie Soag n/Simgi (Allona, 1764), usuaUy ascribed to his popil Nschmuiides or Ramban (q. v.).

Among the most important cabalists wo find Rabbi Moses Ben Kachmsn, anther of the Bodt of Froth taid /fqr" (I'^rtXSI npiSK); R.Jose,orCastile, author of n^iJt ^^?i;5 (Ooors nf Ligif) ; R. Moaes, of Coniova, D":"il|-i Dl-IB (Cordm of PimesnaiaHi): B. Isaac LoriB, D''V'»V"r "'fP (.Boat of Ihe Wafvkringi of Souls); B,Cliayim Vital, n-»ny; (rive o/ifft); H. KasUll Ben .lacoh Elchanan, Tl^an pt:s (I*a% r/ Me Kn^"); R. Abraham Cohen, of Memra (vuljr. Iriva), O^Cirn -ITO (Otwr "/ HraTtn). Some of these works (translated into Latin) are to be found - whole or in their principal porta in tho KMala De- mdala nfClir. Kn.ffr^n Koaenroth {Suls^ ICH, S vols. 4t«). with all kinds of exeiretical apparatus, and some texts fhim the Znfcir. The cabalistic literature is fnlly noticed in Rartnloccl's BiUiolktea Magna RaUim. ioa and in Woirs BibUaUKca Bebnra, tom. ii end iv,

also P. Heer, GrKh-ehIt der LArtn allrr Stclm der Ja- An, and der CfJibali- (BrDnn, 1822, 2 vols. 8™) -. Scnet, De C'MaiaJiuinfnm {Kmt.l'(.)2i: Senncrt, /)e Cat- bnlii (Witlenb. l6J>f>); and especially the copious list of expositions upon the works of Simon ben-^lvchai, the reputed founder of Calialism, given by FQrst, Bii- liolhfca Jud.ica, ili, 329 sq. We may «peri(^ the fol- iowing; Znni, CuUad. lorfr^c dtr Jiiden (Berlin,

OABASILAS I

ISSSX p. 40! tq. ; Landaoar, in tha LUeralvrilaa dn .OriftU, vol. Tii(184d)i viii, 81! aq. i Joel, Btligioiu- pkUotapHe da Sokar (Lpl. 1^9); Jellinsk, .VoMjim- SchemJob Je J^im (Lpz. 1651); Btilrdgc ur Gtteh. <{«-JCaUafa(Lpi.I85!j: A tun,aU Kub-ialiMCha- My, ti (Lpz. 185S) : uid PiiioKiphU und KitbbalaA (LpL. 18SJ) ; Steiiuchneidcr, Jtaith Liltralurt (Lond. IHdT), p. 104- 115, 2^9-309; Munk, iliUutgtt d» P/nlatjAui Juitu tl AriAe IPM.lB&9\p.iS0 tq.; mud enpecUlly the mu- tarly Minlysis of the Zohar by Igi "■ " "'

e ludd tieiUse of G

(I, Gat*, dir Ja.

i, 443 459; and tba ahls review of It by U< Brn-Ckawajo, v, p. 335 aq. (tiM Lpz. 1863, p. TS -»G). Ginibur^ hjii Ul«ly pnbliihed k compendiou* but co- pious DDd clear work antitled 7^ KeMndah, etc. (Loud. 1805), in which, however, be controvertB the tradition- al view of tha authorship by rabbi* Akiba and Ben^Jo. chu, HndiHiipllit an ori.-in prior to the Zohar, which he aKriUutP* to Moua or Leon ; considering this rath- er sa the oRapring than the parent of Cabalism.

Cabaailaa, Iflcolaa, BrcbhUhop of Tbesaalonica in 1354, a firm anpporter of tbe rights and iDdependflnce of tha Greeks aj^nst the Roman Church. In the He^ychastic controveny ha took part with the monks of Meant Athos agidnst Bsriaam (q. v.). Ha wrole Hveral works, amoHK which are, 1. Expntitiim of tite Grttk Liiurgji (Grefk), tmnslated into Latin by Her- vet, and given in the Bibiiaiieca Patnim under the title C/mprmi'eia lolerprtlalio hi Dnnum O^iam: and, 2. Ylipt rqr tv Xpianf ^w^c, etc., Lift nf Jrna C»ri.r(Ingnld.t.1604iabadUtinversbn). This book ia of value as illustrating the mystical tendency among the Byzantine wrilera. See Cave, Hiil. IM. anno 1350 ; .•ilad. u. Krit. 1841, p. 7S4 j Gast, Die MsdOc d. A'. Ka- batiliu, etc. (Greifsw. 18JB)i Waloh, Biblwlktca Thr- (•Ji>^, i,G40i 11,570.

CabaBllas.inlu>, uncle of tbe precedinfc, 1 Greek thenIoi;isn, and archbishop of TbesMlonica in the first bulfof the 14tb century. He wrote Hipi riiv ahiuiv T-ije tireXif'tiooTieijt-i'iaiirri'Kun, first printed at London (n. d.), afterward, Greek and Latin, at Basel (1544); ■gain at Frankfort (15S5), and at Hatnault (1608). In It he shows tbat the arbitrary claims of the papacy were the true cause of the ecliism between the East and West. He wrote alwi Ilipi tTk nfxln roi nriffo (Francfi>rt,1555,8vo! Hanover, IMS, with tba works of Usrlum). Dufdn says that these writings are " full of learning." The tiook on the papal supremacy was translated into EuKlish by Grestop ([.ondnn, 1560, Rvo), Cabaidlaa died in 1350.— Hoefer, Noue. Biog. Grninde, viii, IS; Cave. ffM. U., Wharton's Appendix ; Da- pin, EccUt. Writen. cent. liv.

Cabaflsut(Ca5(i(ta(iu<), Jran, an eminent Roman canonist, was bom at Alx, in Provence, 1604 or lr>05, entered tbe congregation of the Oratory 1626, and died at Aix, aged eighty-one, Sept. 35, 1685. At Kome he was regarded as an oracle in every thing relating to the canon law and cainistry, and a good Oriental Bcholar. Ho wrote Jarii Cunonwi Ihroria ft prazit (4to, 1696. 1698, and by Gibert, with notes, etc., 1 738) ; al:>D lliitarmnun, Cimcilionim il CaBuBuin imicrm ciU tiUorum cirmmqae Eccleiiir riltim, ab ^Mu Eerkiiir in. canabulit ad nostra utqae lempnra, nolitia rteUiiatlica ()ieat ed. Lugd. 1685, fol. ; again, Lyooi, 17£6; and in ■n abridged funs, 1776, 8vo).

Cab'bon (Heb. Kaiton', pSS, in Syriac, a rate; SepU Xnl^UJir V. r. Xa^m and \a0iia), a place in the "plain" of Jndah, menlioneil between Egfon and Lahmam (Josh, xv, 40); possibly the same with UachBenah <1 Chron. ii, 49). It is perhaps the modem ruiiieil Mte ti-Ku/eir, marked by Van de Velde (^Ifnp) at 10 mile* south-east of Ashkeion.

Cabet. See Ck>HHUNiB)i.

Cabin (riin, dmulh'; Sept. merely Gnecizes,

I CABUL

t) x'<"^^ properly a vault or etU (so the loargin) wltb- In the dungeon, and under ground, for the aeparate conHnemenl of prisoner. (Jer. xsxvii, 16). Othera (Scbeid, in the Dimi. Lugdim. p. 'JBS) undersUnd it to mean a curved post, i. e. tkt sMob (camp. Jer. xx, 3, 8 ; ixii, 26). The idea conveyed in either cau ia that tlie prophet suffered the must severe and loatb- soine imprisonment. See Prisuh.

Cabiz, also called Allll4, a learned Mohammedan wbo became noted fur maintaining tbe superiority of Jesui Christ to Mohammed. Being summoned beruro the Divan, he silenced the two " cadilaskers" of Kou- inelia and Anatolia. He was then set at liberty, but the iultan, having listened to the discusiiun, referred the matter to the mufti and cadi of Constantinople. This time Cabii was found guiltv, and sentenced tn death. He was executed on SepL 19, m;. An edict published on occasion of his execution forbade all Mo- hammedans, Quder penalty of death, to prefer thence- forth the doctrine of Jesus Christ to tbat of Moham- med.— Hoefer, BioffrajMe Giniralr, viii, 17.

Cabral, FR\!i^oia, a Jesuit missionary, was bom in IGSfl at CovilhuL, in Portugal, and enticed the Soci- ety of Jesus at Goa. Appointed a missionary, he Crav- erspd great part of India and Asia. After spending several years as professor of theology at Goa, be waa made vice-provincial in Japan. He baptized, in 1576, I the king "t Bungo, who seveni yean before had ro- ceived hospitably Francis Xavier, but was not cod. \ verted ontil the arrival of (^hral. He psssed over Into China, where he labored abundantly, and thencs retamed to Goa, where he governed the hnnse of the Professed thirty-eight years. He died at Goa, April 16, 1609.— Aiegnmbe, ScrifLSoe.Jami Hoefer, A'oMi Biey. Giitirait, viii, 36.

CaHiiil (tleb. KdbvC, hvs^, according to e^niol- ogy, benni, but signification nncert^n [see bclowj), the name of a town and a district.

1. (Sept. Xn0iU, but other co|des blend with the follDwing words into XQ./3n;iaaa;.> > .) A ci^ on tha eastern liorder of the tribe of Asher, and apparently at the northern part, beyond Beth-Emek (Josli. xix, 27). It seems to cort^pond to the viliu.e Ckabolo t_\affm- Xt) mentioned by Josephus {L/r, § 43, 4o) as on tbe confines of Ptolemais, in Galilee, 40 siddia from Joto- pata. A fortress by the name of Kabul is mentioned by Arabian geogmphers in the district of Safed (Ro- senmQlier, Analerl. Arab, iii, 20). Dr. Roblnton, during his last visit to l*aiestine, accordingly funnil a village called A'ntu'on his wav to Aceho, aituated "oii the left, among the lower hills'" (SiWi-.t*. Sacra, 1853, p. 121 ; Lata- BiU. £a. p. 88 ; for Talmudical notice*, see Schwari, PriM. p. 192).

2. (Sept. translates "Ufiiav, boandarg. bat In neg- lect of the context, ver. 12, which favors the derivn. tionorSimonis[Oiuinaf(. p.417]and Hiller [Onnwu'. p. 436, 775], asi. q. "something exhaled, as nothing;" Josephus [^AhI. viii, 5, 3] calls it XnlinXvi; and aava [apparently from conjecture] that it b a FhiEnician word indicative of diitafw/iictuia.) A district contain- ing " twenty' cities," given to Hiram, king of Tyre, by Solomon, in acknowledgment of the important servicea which be had rendered toward the building of the Tem- ple (1 Kings Ix, 13). Hiram was by no means plaaaed

' with the gift, and the district received the name of (^ bul (as if signifving anpieaamffj hvm this circDmstanee. The situation of Cubul has been disputed ; but we are content to accept the Inlbnnatinn of Josephus (Jut. viii, S, 3), who aeema to place it in tbe north-weat part of Galilee, adjacent to Tyre. The foregoing town, named Cabul (Josh, xix, 27), being also in GaUlee, il is possible tliat it was ona o( tbe twenty towns consign- ed to Hiram, who, to mark his dutsstisfaction, applied the significant name of this one town to the wbole dis- trict. The cBUMoflliram's dislike to what Solomon doubtless considered a li1>er-l gill Is very uncertain.

CADDIS 1

UhaM batn eaajeelnnd {Kitto, Pictorial BilU, noU on I tJDgt ix, 13} Uut "protwUy, u the Phanjcians **r> t maritime aiid comuiercul pmplc, Hirtiiii wishal Mber (or m part of the coast, whicb wai uuw in tba k*sd* af SolumoD, and wiu theiBfora not ptvpared to ajipnive of ■ district which ml|{lit hnve been o( contid- aihla Talnc in Iha ayea of an iifTicultunil people like tba UBbrew*. Perbapa the towna were in part pay- BfOt of *bat Solomou owed Hiram for bia variuui KFTkea and oontributioni." 81^ Dikam,

Cad'dia (KaJci'c, or tatber raSSis, ai most texta read 1 ID >lao Joaepbus, Tailic or raSi^, Ani. xiii, 1, i: dariratioa ancertaln, aee Grimm, Hamli. in loc.), It. *an»me lBu„^\o6^,^) of Joa«>ak (q. v.). the tUtat brother of Jndaa Haccabaiu (1 Hacc. ii, i).

Codanuum, Joium Gkobo., a Germs n theolo- gian uf the 17th cenlurr, waa bom at Oschati, in Sax- «T, and (tadied at Jena and Wittenbenr, where he tuDk hi> degree in \6iti. In 1654 be became pastor at Dalileii, and In 1S76 arcbdeacoD at Wurzen, where be died, Dec. !8, 16PT. Amou); his writings are Diipiiia- ti> dt Cnata {nitrwitoilaH JmliJiaUiottit (Jena, 1550, 4lu):— Dup. df prinripUt Immamtrum AcAmoim (Wit. «enb. 1654, 4U>) -.-De Jititia DiVribuHBa (1654, 4to) 1 ~Dc UajalaU (1654, 4to).— Hoeftr, AWr. Biog. Gini- nrir, TiU, 63.

Ca'tfte IKaliK V. r. Kljtn and Kiiit), a GrBciied (vn (I Hacc. si, 68, TS) of the name of Kedesh (q. v.) in Kapbtali (Jeab. xx, 7).

Ca'aia-Bar'ni iKAtK Boot")), ■ Graiclied fonn >

(.jKlith V, 14) of KADESH-BAUrEA (q. v.). I

Cad'mlel (Ka^;iii)Xoc T. r. Kn^ifl7Xac), one of the Leritea whoH " Sons" retDrned thim the caplivitr, and ■bo aaunted at the masical performancea ut the n*ti>. rmtlm of the tnnple vorthip (1 Esdr. v, !6, 58) : e\i. \ drntlT tbe Kadmiel (q. v) of the Heb. texts (Eirj li, 1 40; Keb.Til,43: xii, S4).

Cadonld. Giovanni, an Italian thrologian, was bom at Venice in ITOfi, and became a canon of the cbarrb of Cremona. He wia a man of learning, and appoaaJ tbe pretenaionB of tbe coart of Rome and the darCrinea of tlie HoUniila. In a curious work, entitled '- An Expontion of thia papMae of St. Aniruitlne, The <'haich of Jenup Chriol shall be in sulijection t» aeco- I .r princes," he sbowa that as princes are suliject tn ■be Church in tblngi spiritoal, so the Church ia liound to obey tbem in things temporal ; and that In ancirnt titorgica, as tbe Ambroeian, Honrahic, etc., prayer *«t made, specially and l>7 name, even for persecn- tJn/ princ«s. He wrote also Sal'miiu de St. Augtii- (m(1TGS); nr.4niu&wyKa'nr«n (Rome, 1766, 2 Toll. 4tB). He died Fek !T, ITSe.— LandoD, Ectl. Bid. s. ■. ; Hoefer, .Voor. BHig. GMirale, viii, 7J.

Cadytla. Sea Jbrcialem.

CscUik. See Cecilia.

CnctUan. See Doxatutb.

Cndmou or Cedwoo, an Anglo-Saxon Benedic- tiM and poet, bom in North urn l«rland, died at Wbll- by in 67S or 680. He is the flrst prrron of whom we pnaitn any metrical composilion in our vemacular. Ii la ■ kind of ode, of ei|;htren linea, celalintioK the pniaea of the Creator, preserved in AlftvU's transla- tkHofRede. "BedegivDsthefullowinKaccDunt. Csd- Bun awma to have had the care of Ibe cattle of Iha Boiiks of Whitliy. It appears to have hecn the cus-

■upfKT "ith impnivlfitore descants accompanied liy tba harpk as i* atill practised at meetings of tbe Welsh lards. C«dmon. when the harp passed roand among the ipieats, was fnln. as it approached bitn, to shrink away frnm the assrmlily and retire to hla own house. <>Bca, after it bad thus happened, as he was sleeping at •igtit, aDme one seemed to ray to bim, ' Ccdmon, sing

C^£SAR

me aomatbing.' He replied, ' I cannot sing;' and he tuld bow bis insbillty to sing had been tbe cause of hla quitting tbe hall. 'Yet thun must sing to me,' aaid the voice. ' What must I sing?' said he. 'Sing me tbe urigin of things.' The snl:^ thus ^iven him, he composed the short ode in question. When he awoke, the words were fast in bis mind. Cedmnn in the morning told liis vision and repeated his inng. Ihe eRect waa, tbul the aliliera Hilda, and the learned men whom she had collected round her in her monastery at U bitby, believed that he had teceivcd from heaven the giflofsonj;, and whenon the miitrow he relnmed with a poetic pvrephrase of a passage of Scripture which they had given him to veriiiy as a test ofbii inspin- tion, they at once ackr.OKledged the verity, and ear- nestly besnaght bim to Lecome a member of tbeii com- pany. He complied numerous poems on sacred sub- jects, which were sung in the ubley. Sacred snljecU wen his delight, and to tbem be confined himself. He continued In the monuslei^- for the remainder of his life, and there he died, as is conjectured, about 680. Tbe authenticity of the little poem above menlioned is perhaps unqueslJonuble. But, besides this, a very long Saxon pnero, which ia a nutrical p,.Taphtase on parts of tba Scriptum, it atMliutrd to Caidmon. An edi- tion of It waa printed at Amsterdam in 1655, ander the care of Junius. Hlckes eipreries doubts whether this poem can be attributed to so early a period aa the time of Cadmon. He thinks he perceives certain Dano- Saxonitms in it which wunld load him to refer It to a much later period. It has been again printed, wilfa a much more accursto text, by Mr. Thorpe, as a publica- tion by the Society of Antiquaries (Lend. tlvo. 188!). Mr. Thorpe is of opiuiou that it Is snlatantlsUy tbe work I f Csdmon, but with some sophlptications of a luter period, and la this opinion our best Anglo-Saxon ■cbolata appear inclined to coincide." — Prmty Cj/dapa- dia, s. V. ; Hoefer, Bingrapkie Ciniralt, vlil, 64.

CaeleatliiB. See CKLSfTlD*.

CsernlarlwB, SIiciiaei., patriarch of Canrtanllro- plo (A,D. 1W3-10S9). He was one of the chief pro- moten of the great schism batireea the Eastern and Western cbunbes- In 1U54 Pope Leo IX sent legates to Constunlinople to accommodate matters ; but they. Iieing displcBsed at the treatment they received, left a written letter ofexcommunication, directed against the patriiir(.'h, on Ihe altar of the churth of St. Snphin, and departed, having shaken off the dust frem their feet. Tbe ostensible causes of dlfTennee lietween the chureb-

Leo, archliishop of Aeryda, to John, bishop of Trani, were tbe following: that the latins consecrated with unleavened bread ; ^at they added tbe words Ft oqve to tho creed of the CbDreb; that thry taught that Ihe souls of Iho faithful make expulinn In tbe llres of Pur- gatory ; and that In aome other reupccls they dilTcred in their customs frem those of the East. After this outrage on lbs part of the Roman legates. Ccrularins called together a synod at Conrtaniinople 1064, and excommunicated them and iheir adherents, Cvrula- rios himself was a man of ambitious views and arro- ginl disposition, and little likely to ward off the final niptiire with Rome, which in fact took place. How- ever, the Emperer Isaac Comnenius took umlinwe at his liehavior. and. A.D. lOSil, having caused him to be seiied, sent him tn Pneconnesus. CErnlarius refused lo resign the patrisrcbal threne as the pmpernr en- deavnred to compel him to do, but died shortly after- ward in e:tll'.— Damn. Aimit't, xi, A.D. 1064; Mos- heim, 0i. ll'ti. cenL il, pt II, eh, iii; Keander, C*. /Jitlory, ill, 5K0-

Cmu (Grceited KnTvo)] ; lience tho Germ, title A'ntfrr, Russian Ctur), a namo assumed l.y or conferred upon all the Roman empenirs aflet Julius Cecsar (who is said to have Iven so named Irom his having been bom I'v a surgical operation, aitif). In tliu waj

C^SAREA

It becamv m loit of title, liVs Phanoh. and, U ■ucb, is ufuully applied to Cba einperori In tbs New Tettu- ^ msnt, at th« aaverei^ orjudea (John lix, IS; Acts : xvii, T), without tbeir diatinclive proper nstiiei. See alM) Adocbtus. It was to blm ttui the Jews paid triU- uta (Matt. ixU, 17 ; Luke ix, 23; x«iii, S), and to him | tint such Jews u wen civei Ainuiu had the right of i appeal (Act* XIV, Hi itaTi,aii xiivili,19); in which ' ciM, if their caase was ■ criminal one, they were sent to Rome (Acta x»t, 1>, !1 ; eomp. Pliny, tpp. x, 97), , wfaere waa the conrt of the emperor (I'hU. Iv, 22). i ThB C»nn menUoned In Che New Tegument are Au- gustos (Luke il. 1), Tiheriu. (Luke "i. 1; ", W>, CUudios (Act* xi, 'iS), Nero (Acts xiv, fl); Caligula, | who aacceeded Tiberiaa. is not mentioned. See each i name. On Phil, iv, 22, see Hodbehou). I

Ctesare'a (Knuropiio, in the Tarpini T'^O'PX | the name ofsavenl citiea under the RomsD rule, jiiven < Co them in compliment of some of the cmperois; eipe- , cially of two important towna in Paleitlne.

1, CxsabEa PalbstIs* {Haifrnpna >) naXaiari- rm), or "Cejarea of Palestine" (so called to diMin- guish it from the other Cassrea), or simply Cnsarsu (without addition, from its emincnra as ths Roman melropolia of PjleatJna, and the raiidence of the procu- rator). Hie numerous pusii^a in which it occurs (Acta viii, 40; ix, SO; x, 1, S-l; li, II; xil, 19; xviii, 32; xxl. e, 16; xxUi, 23, St: iiv, 1, «, S, 13) show how Important ■ place thie city occupies in Ibe AcU of tlie Apostles. It wai situated nn the cnast of Pdlea- tine, on the line of the gre^t roid fironi Tyre In Euypt, and about half way between Joppi and Dora (loMphuH, War, i, 21, 5). The journey of the apnttle Peter from .loppi (Acta I, 24) occupied rjther more than i diy. On the other hjncl, Paul's journey from Ptolemaia (Acts xii, S) waa occomplishad within the day. Tho distance Arom Jeruaitem la stit^d by JoeejAua in tduu'I ' numbera as 600 stidia (Anl. xili, 11. 2; War, i, 3. b). The JerusaJem Itineriiy iilvea «ixt.v-'?i(ht miles ( ITi-t- teling, p. BOO; see Rolitnaon, B^. Rt: lii, U). It has been aacertained, however, that there waa a shorter road tiy AiUyxilrU than that which is given in the Itinerary — a point of aome importance In reference to

The actual distance in a direct line is forty-seven En j- lisb miles.

In Strabo'ttlme there waa on this paint of the coast merely a town called ■■ Strato's Tower," with a tand- ing'place {Trponop^ov •l:'u>'), whereas, in the lime of Tacitus, Ceiarea ia apokcn of aa being the head of Ju- dsi (-'Juda.B caput," Tac. Hil. ii, 79). It was in tlili Inb-rval that the city waa built by Herod the Great (JoMphus, Anl. xv, 0, G; Strabo, xvi, 3, 27; Pliny, //. ff. V, lo). The worit was, in fact, accim- pUshed In ten years. Tho utmost care and eupcDso were lavished on the building of Ctesarea. It nus a pnrod monument of the rei^ of Herod, who named it in honor of the Empeior Augustus. The full name was Ctoarea S/Amlr. {Kmnapiia Ht/Jnirrq, Joaenb. Anf. xvi, 5, 1). It waa aometimes called Ciaarra S'raloiM, and sometimes also (ftrmi its poailion) Uari/imt CiTKirta (rapnXint, Joseph, ifur, iii, 0, 1, or q iri SaXnrrp. tA. vli, 1, 8). The ma'inilicenco of Civwrea is descrilied indctiil by Josephua in two places (i4 at. xv, D; War, i, 31). The chief features were connected with the harbor (itself called Tiiintrrlt Xiph'-, on coins and by Jeaephus, Ant. xvii, 6, 1), which waa equal in ^iie lo the Pirteua of Athens. The whole coast of Palestine may be aatd to be extremely inhospitable, exposed as it is to the fury of [he western storme, with no natural port aRbrding ade<|aale shelter to the vessels resortini; to it. To remedy Ihia dpfect, Herod, who, though an arbitrary tyrant, did much for the improvement of Ju- da», set about erecting, at immense cost and labor, one of the most stupendous works of anllc|uily. He threw out a seniicircular mole, which protected the

s C^ESAEEA

I port of Craarea on the soulfa and west, leaving only ■ ' suSlcient opening fur vesseU to enwi frum the north ; I so that, within the enclosed apace, a Beet might tide at all weathers in perfect security. Thia breakwater was constructed of immense blocks of atone lirooght jfto.n a great distance, and sunk to the depth of 3<J fatb- I oiiis in tlie Mj. Jdroad lundin^-whurves sumiunded the harlior, and conspicuous from the sea waa a tern- '■ pie dedicated to CBsar and to Rume, and conlaininx , coliissal alatuea of the emperor and the imperiul city. I Besides this, Herod added a theatre and an aoipbitlie- atre; and, when the whole was finished, he lixed hia residence there, and thus elevated tlie city to the rank of Che civil and military capital of Judna, which r>nk it coutinned to enjiiy as long as ttio country remained a province of the Roman empire (see Dr. Hansford, Script. OatetiiKr). VeFpsalan wus first declared em- peror at Cnsurca, and he railed it to the lank of a Ri>. man "colony"(<l. vOi granting It, lirst, exemption tiaa the capitatiun tax, and afterward From Ihe ground tax- es (tho reul jui ICitliciBn). The place was. however. Inhabited chiefly by Gentiles, though some Ihoosanda of JewBlivcd>nit(JaMph. trnr, iii, 9, 1; iii. 14; Ant. IX, 8. 7; L/r, 11). U eoeins there waa a sUnding dixpute between the Jewish and Gentile inhabitiDta ofCiBsarealo which of them the city really belonred. The former claimed it as having been buiH Uy a Jew, moaning King lierod; the Utter admitted this, but contended Chat he built II for them, and not fbr Jews, seeing that he had filled it with statues and temples of their gods, which tho Utter abominated (Joseph. War, ii, 13, T). TUs quarrel sometimes came to blow^ and eventually the matter was retferred to the Emperor Nero, whose deciHOn in favnr of the Gentiles, and the Irobjvior of the latter thereupon, gave deep offence to tho Jews (pn«r,illy, and afforded occasion for the H™t outl>reaks, which led to the war with the Romans (Jo- srph. War, ii, 14). One of the tint sets of that war was the massacre of all the Jewish inhabilania by the (»«ntilea to the number of 30,000 (». 11. 16, 1>. Thie city was the head-<(uarterB of one of the Koman co- horts (q. v.) in Palestine.

t;<rfn of Cawres Paleallic, Cnsarea is (he sceno of several interesting circnm. atancea descrilied in the New Toatsmcnt, such aa the conveminn c.f Cornelius, the first-fnilts of the Gentiles (AcU x); the residence of Philip the Evangelist (Acts xxi, S). It WHS here also, in the amphitheatre built bv his gmndfotiier, that Herod At(ri|ipa was smitten of Godanddied (Acta xii, 21-28). From hence the apojtlo Paul tailed to Tarsus when forced to leave Jerusalem on his return from Damascus (ix, 30), and al this port he landed after his aecond missionary journey (xvili, 92). He also spent some time at CieSBrra on his re- turn from the third missionary Joomey (xxl, S, Ifi), and liefore lon« wee brought liack a prisoner to tho same place (xiiii, 23. S3), where be remained soma lime in bonds before his voyage to Italy (xxv, 1, 4, 8, IS). After Ihe destruction of Jerusalem, Casarea lieeame the spiritual metropolis of all Palesline; but,

was divided into three provinces. Palcftina Prima, So. cunda, and Tertla, it became the capiul of only the first province, and subordinate to the bishopric of Je. russlem, which was elevated Into a patriarchate witb the righla of primaci' over "Ihe three Palestine*." Ccsarea is chiefly noted as the birthplace and episcn. pate of Eusebius, the celebrated Church historian, in

>e(jtaiir

idwun>n*|>kaoa>| npeciaJly th* Lut

^EtMb. ai». tied. Tiii. ^ wiH of Uri^n'i ULon and the tiirthpluca of Pro- oflu. U MatiDDcd lo be ■ cil; of aoiiic importunce raia the time nfthe Cniiudea. It still rrtaina the ucHt umii in tlu fonn of KaiKr:fdt. liut tun lonj turn dmditc. The mo« coiupicuoua ruin ii th.t of H oU eutle at tlw e.\tr< nitj' of the ancient taole. A piat cxif nt uf gimnd i> covered tij the reniiins iif tlx dtT. A low will of gnij itooe encouipapKi ' iImi niu, ud without this is a mi«t now dry. Be- ls«a tiM •ccamalatkm of nibl.iili and the )^wtfa Bf Vag gnH, It U diSii-ull lo deflno the form and n(- urter^e variona ruio' tliut eniluKd. Nevertlieleri, lit muim of t« o aquedocta, runninc nortb and routh, u* nill Tlailile. Tlio one next the »a Li rsiried upon Ufb arttwa ; th* kiwer one, to the eastward, amioa its ■iilcn alpng m low vail In an arched cbunnel fire or HI <Ht WHle. Tho water ia abundant and of excel- Ifitqiality.aDd the amall TefieU of the country often put in brre to take in their auppliu. Cmarea ir, ap- ^mnlly, neirr frtquented for any other purpoac; even [be Ufb-Rud leaTta it wide ; and It has not been viS'

Tkapment tmanta of the ruins are fniikef, scorponn, tiiird', wild bnan, and Jackal*. — Kitto; Smith. See ■j.BaUaaan's Trmti, 1. 199; Birlletl's jTaiakm, p. t: Traflr< Jote-k*', p. Ti.\n : Tonv *-ro and Ilnw- •m't l/fiaJEpiitla of 8L Paul, M,V9i RoscnmUler, llirrl. II, li, SSS m.; Reland, Falal. p. 670 pq. ; (Itha, Lb Rabb. p. 108 fq. ; Tbrnnson. Land and Book, D. tM Kq. : Ritlar, JCrdi. xvi, 59S fq. ; Wilson. Biilt /aA. ii, !M Kq. : Prnkeach, Keifr, p. W fq. ; Sieber, Ilr Chpvc PnlfU'Vt Fjiltrrj)l$ (Lips. 1784) ; Wiltsch, iMfnjtfimdSua.oflkt Churrh, i, 13, '.14 iq.

CASAREA, COUNCILS OF. SeTantI coancUs la*a bera held at this place. The moat important are, I, istM, an Arian council, aKaimt AtbanaaiDa; S, in £8, b shidi Cyril (q. v.). Idsbop of JrruMlem, waa ttpieJ^Smith, TMa oj ChmkUiil. ; Landon, Jfim-

2. CiABEA PuiLippi, nr " CKaarea of Philip" llaiWfVia it ♦(A.Vxolp, bo Jowph. A%l. m, 8, 4; War, io. S, ;; 1, 1 i Eoaeb. Hitl. ErH. ril, IT^, a« having Ixa h> later time* mDch enlarged and beautified by FUHpIhe tetnrrh (JoHph..1iK.iTlii, 2,1; (Tor, li, -'. \\ wbo exiled it Cbhth In honor of Tiberius tlie tBfTnr, addinK the cognomen of Phllippi to diitin- caU it fnm <'Bamr« of Palritine. It waaalso known H CaanEA-pAMiAB (KaiaiSpim naviDf or n<iiioc. Jaiph. At. xTiii, % 3; War, ii, 9, 1 ; Ptolemy, v, 1'i.t]; Pliny, t, 16, lA; Boiomen, v, SI; on coins, K. •Ti nitrfif or «7>^ flariim; In Steph. Byi. incor- nnlj rpoc ry nociiiici), or simply /Vbuoi (ITnvdic, nn^.cr rioHtar.Hierocl. p. 716), ita original name iWfih. Jiri. HT, 10,8; comp.I1iny, T, 16; Havat^ * CfdRB. p. S06; Samar. Qlt^lB): tram the adjoin- nc Doant^n Pamitu {nimiv or rinfilnv), which, •iA Iba nwinK therein, was dedicated to the heathen Ab iThiloMorg. Tti. »). and which latter name ha.4 >lMa l«TB retained In the present name Amum (Bnrck- kitt.i.>0; cump. TVir^. JonUh.onKum. xxxiv, i:)i Wbc aoordinfc to many, no other thi.n tha early Una (q. t.) of Dan (Jud|t. xrlli. 7, !!)), or Lesiiem It^ lix. 4' 1 cmnp. Thcodont, Qwif. m JwJtr. S6). fawiB rhmppi I* mrnlloned onlv In Ihe Tint two ''■■tfb (Halt. iiH. 13 ; Uark viU, IT), and In acnmntx ■4 iW lur trjooartkin*. The >lory nf tho early Chri-. IM wrlMi that the woman healed of the In-ae of XkA, ad wppo— d to have been named Berenice, 'i**d*tAbpU(ia,Te«uaB nofonndaUon (Enaeb. //I'lf. £al>tt,U; SoUHn. *, SI; Thaophui. CArvwyr. 41 ; ItaLCWiri, p. SS8). See SnirHAN. tlfa Bq^ lay alml 110 tnllei nortb fram Janualem,

C^SAKEA

and a day and a hilrajonmay from Damaacua, at the 'prings of tbe Jordan, and near the foot of label Shiik, or the Prince'a Mount, a lofty bn.nth of Lebanon, funning In that djret^tiun the lonndar}* between Pales- tine and Syriii Proper. Here Ucrod tbe Great erected a leniple to Auguetua (Joseph. Ant. xv, 10, S; ci-inp. War, i, £1, 8). AuiuH became part of the tcrritoiy of Philip, Irtrarcb of Trachoiiltis, who enlarged Lnd iiabellislied tbe town, and called it CamTea Pmjpi, purtly after his own name and partly after that of the imperur (Ant. xviii, 'l, 1 ; War. ii, 9, 1). AgHppa II fulluwedin the same courte of flultety, and ci.ll. d (ho place ATeroiuiia (Ant. xx, 9, 4). Josephua aecDia to imply (Lift, IB) thst many healbena resided here. TitUB exhibited gladiati.rial cbowi at Csrarea I'bilippt after the downfall of Jerasalein, in which Ihe Jexi'h prisoner were compelled to f ght like fUdiato-^, i nd numbers perished in the inhuman ccntests (Ifur, vii, a, 1). The old name was not Ictt. Coins of Onarta I'aneoi continued through the reigns of many emper- ors. Under the pimple name oS Pomat It was Ihe seat tf a Greek tishopric in the period of tbe great councils (the second lirhip being preaint at tbe Ci.unril of Kice, and tbe last at tbe Council of Clialcedt.n in 4(>1>, cud of a Latin blsbciiric of I'hccnicia during rubie- quent Chri(tit.n occupcncy, «hen it waa called Bil- lua. "During tbe Crucades," asya I)r, RoLineon, '■it na* the acme of vathus changes and conflicts. It first came into the rossessicn of the CbristiGns in 1119, alont! with tbe fbrlnss on tbe a^iacrnt moantalu, leiug delircred over to them by lis Israelite |;overnor, i.fter their unfuccessful alten.ptupon DsmsscuB in be- half of that sect. The city and csrtle were given oa a the Knight Bayner Brus. In IIB?, dDrin^itha

ibsenc

\t taken

1 short as

an J»mail of Dan captured l.y the frinka, aided 1y Ihe DLmLscenaa themselves. In 1189 the tenporal control waa ro- stored to Rayner Brus, and Ihe city made a Ijtin bish* cprlc, under the jurisdiction of the ArchLisLop ol lyie" (Rararrlut, iii, 160).

The site la Ftill called Fowiu, the flnt name havinic here, as in other cases, furvired the seccnd. It has now dwindled into a pultiy and insignificsnt villaee, whose mean and destitule condition contrarta ttriking- ly with tbe rich aud luxuriant character of the sur-

cbitecture are found in the neighLoihocd. bearing Va- timony to the former grandeur of the place, altboii;:b it Is difficult to trace tha site of the splendid tiniplfl erected here in honor of Augustus. Ihe place itself Is rrmarkalle in its physical and pictUTefque charao- terirtics, as well as in its historical a»ocbitloiis. It was at Ihe easternmost and mof t important of the two recognised aoorcea of the Jotdsn, the other being at Tell cl-Kady. The spri^^' rises, sod the city was built,

llermon. On Ihe north-east tide of the present village, the river, held to be the principi.1 rource of the Jordan, iaauee from a spacious cavern under a wall of ro<k. Around thla source are many hewn atouea. In Ihe face of the cliff, directly over tbe cavern and in other jiarta, aeveral niches have lecn cut, apparently to re- ceive sUluee. Each if these nichra had once an in- scription ; and one of thrm, copied by Burckhardt, ac- pears to have been a dedication ly a priest ol Pan. The situation isunique, combining in an unusual degree the elements of grandeur and beauty. It neattea in its recess at tha southern baae of tbe mighty Hetmcn, which towers In majesty to an elevation of 7000 or fiOCO feet almve. Tbe abundant waters of the glorious founUin spread over the terrace luxuriant frtillly and tbe gnieefnl Interchange of copse, lawn, and w«v. ing Aelds (Robinson, Jjiltr Bib. Rt: p. 404).

Aliout three miles north-east of Bsnla* are tbe re- mains of an Immense ancient castle, covering onej of the spun of Lebanon, alout flfleen bundled feet

'Xd-

tbc idiin *Dd dtj. It li (ncliMnd hjwilli of tmniciuc itnngth and tbickneu, und muat bnva bccD >n Blmoat impregnable rortrais. It ia of Saricsnic ■rcbitectun ; bat m*aj at the tine btvrlled alonea with wbicb the noble round towen ire Fonstructad miut ban belani;- •d to ■ far mora ancient edldu. Thia caatle recaircd the name of aSuiabrk about the time of the Crnudea, psrbapj from the hatr-^ripay Arab tribe of tbe uma name that atill inhkbit the vicinity. A ahart diatance cut of thia ca*tlB there ii a veiy ancieot ruin, sar- lonnded by a tbick grave of venenble oaka. There ■n alao ruing weat of Bjniaa, conairting of column*, capitals, and finindatlona of bnilding*, together with eanata that formarly convered tbe water of tbe brook, now crossed bj a atone brid^. Above the fouaCatn we Oreek inscriptions in the mck, conflrmlnK tbe tea- liinony of Joaephus tbat Agrippa adorned Baniaa with tojal liberality, and also auitainiag the kncicntstate- menta that the fountain waa held Mcred to Pan {Bib- SM. Sacm. 1MB, p. 194). See Reland, PnLrtl. p. 918 •q.; Eckhel, Dodr. \um. Hi, SB9 aq.; BarekbardI, i^ria, p. 37 aq. ; Buckinf^ham, li, f.i aq. ; Thocnaon, land imd Boot, 1, 3M aq.; Schwaiz, Palfil. p. IM; Mod. TraveUer, p. 327 sq., Am. ed.: Panmer, PaOti. p. SIS ; Wilson, /.oiHlf of £ibk, il, 1'. a sq. ; Porter,

Cassrlna, St., up Aiii.es, waa bom In 4G9 at Cha- loDS-sar-Saone. He earl/ developed monkiah tcnden- ckj^ and priTalelj withdrew ttoni hla parent* to tbe mooaatery of Lerins, where he was appdnted to the office oreelUrer. Afterward, falling ill from extreme •sceticiam, hs was obliged to remove to Arler, and was beloved by Eonia* tbe Insbop, whom, in £02. he suc- ceeded in tbe aee of Aries. He died in 645, leaving many bomitles, containin^i evidence of mocb piety cambioed with great superstition. A volume of them wai edited by Stephen Baluxe (Paria, 1G69, 8vo). Tbe others are given in tbe BHiioA. AUmn, Tiii, 819, EGI>, ' and xxvii, SSI. His Rtgvla Mmackoram (contained . in Holatenii (bdu Rrgtd. Moim(. Konw, 1661) was adopted by many convents, and often used by the fooudeti of ordere. Honka and nun* of St. Ciesailua I axialed antil the rale of Benedict waa Eene rally adopt- ed. A graphic iketch of bia life and labora is given

by Neander, Liffkl n Dart Fiaat, p. GO,— Hoaheim, Ck. Bil. i, 164, 166 1 Nouder, O. Hitt. ii, 261, 904. eiiO ; CaTe, HM. IM. anno GO!. I CieauitU or HBiSTESBjtCH, a preacher and his- tofian of note, in 1199 became * Cietercian monk in the monartery of Heislerbach, in the dioc«*e of Co- loKna. He became CTentnally prior of the coovent of tbe Valley of St. Peter, near Bonn. He lived until the year 1327, but when ho died is unknown. Hi* writings are, 1. Dt mirimiu tt viaonkia tm UtiforiM (chiefly in Germany, Cologne, 1581, evo); the fiiM edition la without name of place or date:— 3. Vitn S. i'ngrltrrli arrUrp. Colim. (Cologne, 1633, and in Sorv US, Novemlier 71h) : — 3. Uomiiia, edited under the title of Faieictdi Afomlila/it, by Coppenitein (Colofpip, I61S): — 4. Calalngui EpiictforiBH CWovmun, pnK

ii of the Fonir, KrruM Germait. ('.845) :— fi. An Ined. itetl Vila S. EliuibeOa ia preeerved among the man. uacripta of the library of Uniasels. Munyofbia bct- moos are highly pmiwd for their evangeticxt toDe,ai well aa for tbrir einqucnce. Hit Dt it.'ranlu afTsrds a graphic picture <^f tbe state of his times. Soe Kanff- mann,Cmuna.p. Afi!i(er«orA(K6ln,lB60); Cave, //ijf. /M. anno 12?3 ; Uenog, BaU-Eaettl^p. ii, 490.

Csesarlns or Naeumxvi, a younger Lrothcr of CrcgotA- Kazianien, was educated lirst at Alcximdria. wbeni-o he proceeded to Conatantinople, where he ol - taincd high honors, resisted the attempts of the Em- peror Julian lo win him from the fjith, and died nnder He was distingui*bed fiir Lis e

y in phys

TdeUve

rmon {linVii' Jkn^'t arii/ralrii, Or. viii). In which his pietv and d ore Uuded. According to Suidar, he w^ eimlra Grm- Iti, and four Dialogues are given a* hb in the Latin editions of St. Gre^-ory and in Die BilhiillKCa Pab-wm. — Ullmann,it/<o/'Cr-yoiy,p.l82; Cave, a. m. SGS.

CsesenniUB. See I'atdb.

Caflr&lia. See Kaffkbs.

Cage (S^I^S, bdub', fuXmcg). Bird-cagas an named in Jer. v, 37 : Rev. xriii. ! ; and are pcriMpa implied In Job zli, v, where "playing with a tiitd" ia

CAIANS

■Mtitntd. SwBiBD. Id tin drtt of tbcM puugM &B SmpL. rendan It b7 myis, m mare, implj'iog that it vM uaad Tor bokUng decoyi vith which (o CDtnp Mher tanli until thi nge wis fUll—u Idea which the JtriiWion of the Heb. word oonfinni (rrom sbs, to datp logvtbcr by the ehuttuig of the vslvei or trap). Thli iBtripretatian it therafore better than that of the Baricin, "coop," or that of the Talmnd, "a place of btlaaiDg," Implvinft that it wia used for holdin); wild V tame fowls ODtil they liKanie fit for the table. The main utlde Is referred to in Ecclos. xl, 30, under the tann nipTnUoCi which is elaewheie usad of a taper- i^ buket. See Fowi.i:«i. In Rev. xviil, % the Greek teriii fa ^uXon;, meaning a prison or restricted habitation ratlMr than a cage. This Just suffices tc riaow that the ancient Israelite* kept birds in cages; but we bBTCr Qo further infcinnation on the subject, not tmj ■llosioni to the sinning of Urds so kept. The t^m were prol»bIj of the same forma which we still otuMrre in the Eaat, and wbtch are shown in the in- •exed engraTing. It k n-mirkulite that tbi

11

CAIAPHAS

appsannce of Iilrd-caget in any of the domestic scenes which are portrayed on the mnrel tablets of the Egyp- tiaoa. Id Amos vili, IV, the same word tdab' denotes a frwit-baiket. so called, doubtless, Tmn its resemblance la a cage. See Babket.

Coikna (I.), a ruune given by Irencus, Eplpbanl- oa, and Tbwdoret to a sect of OpbiM*, whom modern ■ritm call more correcUy Cainites (q. v.). (11.) A Btct mcDtioned by Tertullian, which rejected the doc- Irioe of baptism. It is doubtful whether this >ec[ is identical with the preceding. Tertullian menUons a ceruin Quintill'. as the ftiunder, and some have con- cluded from this that the sect is identical with the Qtdulillians (q. t.}.

Cai'Bphaa (KaVd^Ci perhaps from the Chald. KC^, JtpnuKm), called by JasephQi iAnl. xTiii, S, t> Jateph Ciaapkai ('Iwniiroc, u mi Kaiii^c), was U|cb-{irie*t of the Jews in the reitrn of Tiberius Ciesar, at the beginning of our Lord's public mlDlstry (Luke iii, S), A. [>. ii, and also at the time of his cundemna- tkiu BOd cmciGiion (Uatt zxvi, 3, GT ; John xl, 49 ; itEi, IB, H, M, SS ; Acts iv, S), A.D. 89. The Pro- taralflr Valerius Gnitas, shortly before bis leaving the pmviBre (A.D. Ki), apfniutedhlui to the dignity, which was before held by Simon ben-Camilh. He' held it daring the whole procuratonbip of Pontlos Pilate, but «na after hia removal from that olfice »aa deposed by the PiDcoiuid Vltelllu* (A.D. 86), and succeeded by Janithan, sun of Aaanus (Joeeph. A»>. xvlil, 4, 8). Some in the ancient Church cunfounded him with the ktstcaian Joaephus, and believed him to have become > convert to Christijuity (Assemani, BiUiolk. Oritnl. ii, lU). Hi) wife was the daUKfater of Annas, or Ana- UBS, who liad formerly been high-prieet, and who still paestsiud great influence and contniMn saoerdotal mat- ten, aeveral of hia family sncceiislvely holding the Ugh-|Kitettiood. The names of Annas and C^aphas . ue coupled by Luke, " Annsa and Caiaphss being the Ugh-piasta;" and thi* haa given nrcailon to no small amount of diacussion. Some maintain thut Annas and CalaphM then discharKed the fDnrtions of the hiuh- (rieathoDd by turns : bat thii is nxt reconcilsble with ihs ttatanrat of Josephus. Others think that Cala- pha* is caBtd hlgb-pnest, because he then actually ei. RciiHl the function* of the office, and that Annas is » (aUed because he had formerly KUed the situation. But It dMB not thus appear why, of tbon who held

I the high-prieatbood before Calaphai, Annas In path I ticular sbonld be named, and not Ishnuol, Ellaaer, or Simon, who had all served the office mora recently than Annas. Hence KuinOl and others consider it I aa the more probable opinion that Caiaphae was the hlgh-prieat, but that Annas was his vicar or deputy, called in the Hebrew ^3D, lagaa. Sot can that office be thought unworthy of a man who had filled the pon- tifical office, since the dignity of sagan was also great. , Thus, for instance, on urgent occasions ha might even enter the Holy of lloUes (Ligbtfoot, Bar. Hd>. ad Luc. iii, !). Nor ought it to seem strange or unusual that the vicar of a hl^'h-pricst should be called by thst name. For if, as it appears, those who had once held the office were aflrr by courtesy called higb-priesta, with greater justice might Annas, whu was both a pon- liticai person and high-priest'i vicar, be so called. In fact, the very appellation of high-prieit is given to a sagan by Josephus (,A»t. xvif, 6, 4). (See the oom- mentators on Luke iii, % particularly Hammond, Ught- foot,Kufnfil,andBloom(iehl.) SeeAirNAB. Cataphas belonged to tbe sect of the Saddocees (Acts v, 17). (See Heche, l>t SaddueaUmo CuiupAo, Bud. lilB.)

See UlOH-FBIKST.

The wouderful miracle of raising Laiarua from the dead couvincedmunyofthe Jews that Christ was sent from God; and the chief prteats and the Pharisees, alarmed at the increase of his followerii, summoned a council, and pretended that their liberties were in dan-

and that their destruction was inevitsble if somelhtaj' were notdone at once to check his progress. Caiaphas was a member of the council, and expressed his deci- ded opinion in favor of putting Jesus to death, as tbe only way of saving the nadon from the evils which hia success would bring upon them. His language was, "Ye know nothing at all; nor consider that it ia expedient for ua that ono man ahooid die for the peo- ple, and that the whole nation perish not" (John xi, 49). This counsel was wicked and nnjaat in the high- eat degree; but as there was no offence charged, It seemed the only plausible excuse for putting Christ to death. Tbe high-priest's language on this occasion waa prophetic, though be did not intend it ao. Tbe cvan,;elisl^ bi giving an account of this extraordinary occurrence, enlarges on the prophetic language of the higb-priest, and shows the extent and blessedness of tbodLipensatlonormercythAiugb Jesus Christ Koth. ing of this, however, was In the mind of the cruel end bigoted hlgh-prieat. ' After Christ was arrested, he

son-in-law Cdsphas, who probably lived in the same house : be was then amigned before Calaphat, and an effort was made to produce Mae testunony sufil- tient tor his condemnation. This expedient failed j for though two persons appeared to testify, they diif not agree, and at last Caiapbaa pot our Savlonr him- self upon oath that he should say whether he waa in- deed the Christ, tbe Son of God, or not. The answer was, of course. In the affirmative (q. v.), and waa ac- compenied with a dedaiaWon of fals Dlvbe power and majesty. The high-priest pretended to be great- ly grieved at what he considered tbe blasphemy (q. v.) of our Saviour's pretensions, and forthwith appealed to his enraged enemies to say if this was not enough. They answered at once that he deserved to die, and then, in tbe very presence of Caiaphas, and irithoul any retctraint tram him, they felt upon their guiltless victim with insults and Injuries. As Caiaphas had no power to inflict the punishment of death, Christ was Ukrn from hfan to Pilate, the Roman govrmor, that his execution mlifht be duly ordered (Matt, xxvl, 3, 6Ti John xviii, IS, SS). The bigoted furyof Caiaphas Fxhihiied itself alto egsinittbe first efforts of the apos- tles (Acts Iv, 6).

Treatises mora or less general on the character and conduct of Caiapbaa in the abovo tranuctioa bava

CAIET 12 CAIN

bMD written in Lttln by Baumgarten-Cnuins {Opiac. huT^mui, mtarully brought at the end of the wmc p. 1-19 Bq.), HmM (BMin. I70J, iiImi ill lkcn> rimmr. (Tot the S>l>l>Uli wm »]re»dy a weU-known institutloB) ii &49 nq ) Hecht (BudinK. 1719), HuafMi (Vlteb. i.n offering uf the lirat-bora ind f.ttort of hU flucks, lll3), Hudcr (Upwl, i:71), Hofnuinn (in Henthenli »hU« C.iii, M ■ huslMndnun (hon« the greater «.- TIm. ii, 216 2^2), Lungeraluujen (Jbj. 1695), Salt*. verityoft]iBcur»ewhichl,lmrtedhi«pror««i' nalhoppf), manii (Ardent. 17«), Schutau (Luuec, 1715), Scbick- preKiited uD obUlion of ve^-ettibte prodnctionji. Tl.o «Dduii (Fcft. and V. 1772), Weber (Vlteb. 1000, Sell- unduvoul temper and wicked nature of Cain are sufll- ner(Altdorf,17ai)i in French by Dnpio (Parij, IMS), eientiy evliieed by hit rewntniert ■ga)n» the Al- Se« »J»o Evana. Script. Biog. ii, 257. ! ™i(;"il.v, M if partul to hla brother (see below). 1 ho

CalBt ("t Oyet), Pi-RBB Views P.l,-*, wa. ; O'vino Urin^ eonde^end. to exp™t«Lte with hm, o,. bom at Montrielird, in Tonraine, In 1626. He b^ '■ \'' "nrc sonaLle beh.vi,.r. and to '^«7' h.n. of the came a Prot^.Uot u^der the tn.[r:.c<ioa» of Peter Ra- ^^S'' "' chen.-h.ng the jeJousy «h ch he .eetna to mus, at Paris; afterward studied theoWv at Geneva, '>""' already entertamea -gwnpt Al*l: "If thou re- «nd alKKit \m wa. a minister in PoiWu. C-lharine f"™*". t^"". » fo'«'yane« [with me for thy p«t of- of Bourbon m«i^ him her cha,iUn, .nd brought him ft'"!>*]i but if not, [then bewure, for] «ii nouobea at tj Paris Here under the induence of cardinal Uu- '")' ™'" L"'" • *"" ™*'' ™*dy to wiw thfe on tho perron, he alnur^ PraleBUntL-iii, Kov. 9, 16ai. b««ma A"' opportunity] and again.t thee ia lis design ; but profeuot of Heljrew and Oriental Un^uagea in the coU *>»'><>" '"Woe it [i. < . thy evildwpoBition]. Instead lege of Navarre, and died M.rch 10, 1610. He left '^ deeding Ihia adTi«p. however, tho iU-n.tored man. many oontrovereial works, on the motive, which led to , '■'''™B "• "f otwuion to narrate the circuniht-nfo hU eonversion j on the l'-ucl>uri.t ; on the Uaa. ; on '■> hia brother (probahly in an upbrniding manner) fell the Church and the Apo.st.4ie,.l Succe.uon, ete. IIU '■>»" t^e reiy enare of S,.t«n again.t which he h»d l*eii beat known worka ar^ hla a.-wcJ-sV Splhuin and -■™ed; hla feelinga l«e»n.e aga.n excilal, aa ^ey

Navmoaire, 1598-16« (Paru, I6U6, Bvo) Hoefer, two were alone conversing in the open field, and, there

JVom. Bi«. C«. ii,809. i beingnoono neurtowitneaeor avert the consequence^

_ , ,„.„.- „_ , CL . 1. 1 T. be suddenly turned aasin»t his brother, and by an an.

Cain (Heb. Ka ,«, ■;:>& > latt [but see below]), ^ ^_^^^ (probably with aome agricultural implen.ent, the name of a man and of a city. See Kbhite ; Tu- |n the formation of which ho had doubtless already l«- BAuCain. I gun [o eierclM the mechanical ingenuity for which

1. (Sept. and N. T. Kn.V. The root aeema to be tig descendants became f.inioua) he laid him dead upon *|1p, toieof, perhaps with aUasinn to the murder; the the ground. Inttend of the penitence which the »i,j;ht context, however, ver. ], makes this^MSp, to cnofa, of his brother's hlood ought to have inspired in his hor. oMm,' others, as Eosebin* and Chrysostoiti, derive It ror-stricken soul, the craven murderer insolently dr. from some root signifying mrj; Von Bohlen, luirad. manda of the oli-eoeiugGod, when questioned a« to his (nCea. ii, 86, aeeks it in tho Arabic iaya, a uai*, from <^rime, "I know nothiD„' about the matter; am I iny thaartaincroducedbvtheCainicest Joeephu* GrMoiiea brother's keeper?" But when conviction is bstened it, Kdic, -i«i, -<■'■ i, 2, 2) The firat-bora (B.C. ap. , upon him, and the pr.nuUy announced, with the de- parentlycir. 1170) of tho human race, and likowisB the 'pjirin^ Imt still impenitent reroorw of Judas, tho first murderer and fratricide, B.C. cir. 4M3. His bi^ ' Bii'ty wretch exclaims, " My iniquity is too great for tory i> detiUed In (ien. chap, iv; the facts there given ' for^venesst (XliS313 ^Sh^^'l^jl; Scpt/iii'Cui' v<"'ria are in brief these: He was the eldest son of Adim and j ;iDU rev o^iSqirni fji') lor thou '

tho face ofthegronod [of this pleaa- ^gion]," and I shall be in danger of starvation. ven of pBtishhig liv the hand of every stranger wnnm I msv meet. (Sea Kitbi's Daitg BlbU / fuM. in hx. ; Feclitii lliil. Ab'lii H Cani, Uoet. 1704.)

The puniahnient which attended the crime admitted of no escape, scnrcely of any conceii'alile alleviation. "He lost the privileges of primogeniture, was deprived of the priestbiod, lianisbad from "the presence' of the divine gtorv l^etween the cherubim, shut out from the hopes . - '

>e followed the business of agriculture ; . of jealongy, rouaed by the rqectlon of his own si ■nd the acceptance of Abel's, he committed the crime i ■if muider, fur which he was expelled fmm the vicii' ity of Eden, and led the life of an exile ; he settled i llie land of Nod, and hiiilt a city, which he name after his eon Eniich ; his delcenilants are enumerateu together with the inrenliun* for which liiey were rt markable. Uccadnnal refereneea la Cain art made i theH.T.(Heb.ii,4; IJohn iii, 12; Jude II).

Among all the Inatahees of crime, none Impress tl mind with a stronger feeling of horror than that of j o\-er unjimtected to the aaaaults of the i Cain. It ia not, however, oleir that ha had fully pre- ' rj-" (Jo^vl^ CHarrA of «e Redfrmfd, p. 14). Cursed meditjte J taking the //e of his brother, if, indeed, ho rtvm the earth himself, the earth was doomed to > was awaro by what a siiitht accident deith would en- ^ double barrenneae wherever the olfender should aet hia sue ; for this was the first instance of human mortal- foot. Physical want and hardship, therefore, were ity. But It ia certain that he bad resolved upon some amonz the first of the miseries hesped upnn his head. desperate outrage upon his brother's person, and he ' SoM came thnss of mind and conscience : " The voice delilieralcly took occasion to perpetrate IL Alwl, as' of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the ground." most think, brought two otT^rings. the one an ohiatinn, \ Nor did any retrest remain to him from the terron of the other a sacrifice. C^n brought liut the fMmer— bis own soul or those of Divine veni-eance : " Prom a mere acfcnowledrment, it is suppoaed, of the sover- ' thy lace shail I be hid," was his avoniiing and hnpe. aignty of God— ne fleeting to offer tho sacrifice, which ' leas cry. Tho st«l«nient that " Cain went out fhnn ■ would have been a confession of (alien nature, and, I the presence of the Ijjrd" represents him as alilding, typically, an atonement for sin. It was Dnt, ther^ | t'dl thus exiled, in some favored spot where the At- fore, the mere diffference of feeling with which (he two miebty still, by vieilde siiras, manifested himself to offerings were brouRht which constituted the virtue of I his fallen creatures. The expressbn nf dtnd lest, as the one or the guilt of the other brother. "The ma. he wandered over the face of the earth, he might l<c lignity of his temper showed itself in his unwillingness | recoimised and slain, has an awful sound when ftlling to ask his brother for a victim from among his herd, fttim the mouth nfn murderer. Rut hi wastobepn>- Ile offered before God an unlawful sarrillce," liecanse tected a.ninst the wrath of bis fellow-men ; and of tliia a bloodless one, Heb. ix, SS (Jarvis, OwvA n/lit R*- God gave him assurwice, not, says Shuckfnrd, l.y seU deeMtd,p. 14). The circumstances connected with this ting a mark upon him. which is a* false translation, but offence are related In a brief but graphic manner in the, by appointing a sign or token which he himself might Heb. text, the force of which is not well irrought out , understand as ■ proof that he thould not perish hv tlie in Iha Aath. Vers. (Gen. Iv, 2 16> Abel, being a . hand ot another, as Abel had perished by his. 'Thu

13

CAIN

nntan la do him injur]', ud which, beliiK wrll knovD, would prore ■ lafflcirnt eaveal. As sach it la nfened to b; hii descendiat Limccb (Gen. iv, 31). The pKm«g« io»j- therefore be rendered, " Thus Jeho- nb apfwinted ■ takeD for Cain, to that dd one wbo ^ kim (hould rlay him." What wa> tbe Divine ; pvrpoM in aflbrdioK bim thli protection It ia difficult to _ tattnuBf. Thmt it WM not with Iba intention of pro- i loaipiiK hi* miaery may be mnjectured from tfas fact that il waa granted in inawcr to hia own pileaiu cry fiir Dwrcy. Some wrilen have spoken of tbe poaaibil* it]' of hii becoming a true penitent, and at his having at leflifth ohuined the Divine for^^iveneu (Ortlob, Ciimu nm detpmuu. Lips. I'Ofi).

It may tw wortbj of olHervallon that eapecial men- tion it made of the fact that Cain, having traveled Into lite Und of Nod, there built a cityi and ftiTther, that hb dMcendants were chiefly celebrated for their rkill in ths arta of social lifb. la both accounts may proli- aMy be discorered the powerful struf-^lei with which <"ain (trove to overcome the dlfflcultiea that attended bis poaition »t one to whom the tlllaf^ of the ground was virtually, prohibitnl. The fbllowini; ]H>inla ulio we daerving of notice.

0.) Tbe position of the "land of Nod." The name ilseif tells us little; it means /'>tr or crile. In refei^ ence to ver. J8, when a cognate word la used; Vcn Bofakn's attempt to identify it with India, aa thongh the Hebrew name Siitd Czn) bad been erroneonily nwl lUm-Kod, is too Ear fetched; the only indication of its pDcitkin is the Indolinlta notice thi^t it wis " etst of Eden" (ver. Ifi), which, ofcounte, thrown ns back to tbe pnvioos settlement of the poaitlon of Eden itself. Knobel (CooM. in loc.), who adopts an ethnological in- Ispretation of the hlstcry of Cain's descendsnls, wonld identify Nod with tbe whole of Eastern Asia, and even

and China. It seems rain to attempt the idintilica- tion of Nod with any special locality; the direction ''(■It of Edrn'' may have reference to Iho irovioas Dobce in iii, », and may Indicate tbat tbe land waa opporite to (Sept. tarii^vTi) the entrnnca, «liicb wag bamd a»-ainEt hia ntun. It is not iinprot'al.Ie Ihtt the rasT was foTtber used to mark the directi.m whb h tbe CainitM lank, is distinct from the gethites, vho wobM. according to Hebrew notions, be settled toward tbe vest. SimiljrDbservationsmustl'e made in regard to the city Enoch, wbiih has liecn idcndfti

family of Adam ma]' have largely increased befn« tbe birth of Seth, as is indud implied in the notice of Cain's wife (ver. 17). and the mere circumstance that none of tbe other children are noticed by name may be ex- plained on the greund that their lives furnished noth- ing worthy of notice. These neighbors must, of course, have been the relatives of Cain, who had now branch-

Isfament would necessarily estrange him from Iheni. he entertained f

ochl,a

a<.u,C,oH««,),

a (Hnetiu,), Ch. la {Von Roblen). snd Iconlum, ss tbe t^acc wliere the deified King Annacoa was honor- ed (Ewald): all such aUempta at identification mutt lie sobordinated to the pravioos settlement of the poai- tioa of Eden and Kod. See Stin,

(i.) Tbe " mark set upon Cain" has given rise to virioas specnlatlena. many of which would never have been limached if the Helirew leit had l<em confulted ; tbe words probably mean that Jelnvah gave a li^ la Cain, very mnch as signs were afterward given to Noah (Gen. is, IS), Ho^ (Exod. Iii, 3, 12). Elijah (1 Kings xix, 11), and Heiekiab (Isa. xxsvili, 7, 8). Whether the stgn was perceptllile to Cain alone, and given to Urn nnoe for all. in token tbat no man should kill him, or whether it was one tbst was perceptible to otliers, aad designed as a precaution to them, as is implied in tbe A. V. il oncertajn ; tbe nuture of the sign itself Ii still man onceitain (but see above). (See Kraft, De 8!gao Cami, in his Oba. Saer. i, B.) See Mark.

(3.) Tbe narrative implies the eiiatenee of a con- siderabk population in Cain's time : for he fears lest be sboald be murdered in return for the murder he had committed (ver. U). Joerphns (A ttl. i, 2, 1) explains bis fears aa •rising, not from men, but from wild beasts ; but locb an explanaliDn is wholly tuoecessaiy, The

lifetimi

might ei

coma his enemies, especially aa they would regard him

mnst evidently have been one of his sisters (comp. "Bona and di>ngbten<," Gen. v, 4). Tndition eatls her aave (Epipbsn. Hirr. xxix. 6) or Atura (Uablaa, p. 2); the Arabs call Cblnbimaelf Kahl by allller«ticn with tbe name of his Lrothcr (D'Herbelot, Bill. Or. a. v. Cabil). See Adah.

(4.) The character of Cain deserves a fuller notice. He is described as a man of a morose, malicious, and revengeful ten'per; atid that be presented his offering in this state of luind is implied in the rebuke contain- ed in Gen. iv, 7, iihich mny be rendered thus: "If thou doeat well (or, aa the Sept. has it, tiy 'pfui' wpoaiviyt^), la there not nn elevation (rKI^) [of the countenance] (i. e. perhaps c Acrr/Wnrti baihojpiafa)?

fmtmrt], sin lurketb (as a wild beast) at Uie door, and to thee is its deeiro; but thou abalt rule over it." (So Geaenius and others; but see above.) Tie namtive implies therefore thut bis ofl'ering was rejected on ao couHl of the temper In which it waa brought (Sticht, De tuU-iqaw Dei ann Cmi-; Alt. 1766). See Abei.

(S.) Tbe dcecendanla of Cain are ennmented to the ti' th grnention. Some commentators (Knobel, Von Bohlen) have traced an artificial structure in this gen- eulogy. I y which It is rendered parallel to that of the Setbites ; e. r. tbtre is a decade of names In each, com- mencini' with Adam tnd ending with Jubal and Koi.h. tbe deficiency of generatii.ns in tbe Cainilcs being lup. plied Ly the addition if tlie two younger sons uf Lu- metb totbelistj andthercis a considereble aimilsrily in the names, each list containing a Lameeh and i.n I'nmh, while Cain in the ine-CainHin in the other. Methuinel-Melhureltb, and Mcbajsel-MabaUleel: tho inference frnm this comparifon teing that the one was frinied out of the other. It must be observed, however, that tbe differences fir rxceed the [ointa of similarity ; that the order of tbe names, the numiier of generations, and even the meanings of those ntalrh are noticed aa similjr in lound. are sufficiently distinct CO remove tbe impression of artidc!..] conatruclion. (See Bochart, Hierot. i, 587.) See pATniARChi.

(G.) Tbe social condition of the Csinites is promi- nently brought forwanl in tbe hi<tnry. Cain himaclf waa an arricultnrist, Abel a shepherd : the succewera of the latter are represented ly the Kethiles and the progenitors of the Hebrew race In later times, snong whom a pastoral life w; s always held in high honor from the simplicity ind devotional bal.its which It en- fnndered : the succesFon of tbe former are depicted as tho reverse in all these respects. Csin founded the first citr : Lameeh instituted polygamy ; Jalisl intro- duced the nomadic life; Jobal Invented mnsical in- atruments; Tubal-cain was the llrst smith; Limrch's binguagB takes the ataUly tone of poetry; and even ' the nsmea of tbe women, Naamah {pltatant), Zillali ' (sia/ov). Adah (onamtninD, seem to bespeak an ad- vanced stote of civilizal'ion. But, along with thit^. there waa violence and godleasness i Catn and Lameeh furnish proof of the (brmer, while tbe concluding word a of Gen. iv.M, imply the latter. See Antei>it.<7VIAMI.

(7.) The contrast established between tbe Cainites and the Setbitea appejra to have reference solely to the pocisl and religions condition i>f tlietno races. On tbe one aide then is pictured a high state of clviliia-

CAIN AN

14

CAINITES

tion. DiimirUned 1>^ relltpon, tncl prndnctlve of IgxD- ry and Tlolcnce; on ths other eide,a nbitauf niniplietty vhicb k9aTd«l no milarUl foi bulorj licfoad U» dw- Uratioii, "Tbcn ba^n men lo call upon the namn of ' the Lord-" The hinlcrlan tbna acraunta for the pro- 1 greulre degenaration of the religioiu condition of nun, the ev[l gaining a predomtnance over the good bjr Its illlance with worMl; power and knowledga, and pro- | duclng the state of thingi which necaaiitated the flood. | See DiLDoe. |

(8.) Another motivo may be Dwigned for the intro- : ductloD of this portion of ascred hietorv. All ancient ! nitioni have loved to trace lip the invention of the arts ' to aome certain author, and, generally >peoking, then i aathort have been reKirded as object* of divine war- | ship. Among the Greeka Apollo wua held to be the inventor of mnalr, Vulcan of tha working of metila, Triplolemua (see Hygin. 277) ofthe plough. A simi- lar feeling of curioaity pre vjiiled among tiie Hebrews; and hence the hiatorlsn has recorded ths names of thois to whom the invention oTthe arts waa tradition- all}- assigned, obviating at the aame time the danger- DOS error into which other nations had fallen, and

which their invenlora held. See Art; Artificeb.

Additional treatises : Stockmann, ZJs CoMO^mmo- «ito(Jen. 17S2); Dani, iif. (i)>. 1G81, 17Si); Bosseck, y?.- lacnficiu CiiUi tt Habd (Lip*. 1781); Niemeyer, Charab. \u G7 sq. ; Buttmann, Mgtkjt. L IM aq. ; Otbo, Ltx. Rob. p. IOh aq. ; Eisenmenifer, Eati. JudtnUt, i, 46e, 171, 832, 8S6; HotlJDger, Hill. Oriaitata, p. !d; llamb. nrm. BiiSotk. ii, M5 sq. ; Sack, Id the Arm. a. t'erd. BibliM. I, iii, Gl; Rosen mill ler, «cloJ^ in loc. U«n.; Fbilo. ()pp. i, 185; V/buMy, Prato'spei, p. lb ; Dapin, A'^nn. BM. p. 4; Kitio, Dailg Bible llbut. la loc. ; Evans, Script, Bv-g. ii, 1 aq. ; Hunter, 8ae. Btog. p. 17 aq. See Mububb.

2. (Ileb., with the article, ilil-Jra'5>iB,',73n, = "tbe lanoe;" but may Im derived ^m *^, kn, "a nest," possibly in alluunnio its portion; Sept.Znninii/i v. r. 'Aavmatiiii, by ioclndlng the name preceding; VuJir, Artain.^ One ofthe cities in the low conntry (Shr/i- lai) of Judah, named nith Zanosh and Gibeah (Joeh. TV, 56) ; ippsrently the modem village I'atm, a short distance south-east of Hebron (Van de Velde, Mrmoir, p. 800), now a Mohammedan sUtion, said to be the place where Lot (topped after bis flight from Sodom (Robinson, Rneardin, li, 190).

Cal'nan (Heb. Ktymm', l)"'p, derivation amUgu- ous, as in the case of " Csln" [q. v.], «nd ai jnltying either ^KuKHiw [mi FOrsi] or/argeman [so Gesenius] ; Sept KniWi-, but KaVVni-inCbran.andN.T.; Jose. phns KnirSi.Ant. i, .% 4), the name of one or two men.

1. Ths fourth antedilavisn patriarch, being the (nld- e«t)BonarEnaa(whowaa 90 years of age at his birth), B.C. 3846. He waa himself 70 yeaia old at the birth of hia (drat) SOD Mahalaleel, B.C. 3776, afler which be lived 840 yeara,and died B.C. 30S1, aged 910 (Gen. v, n-14). See LoHORvrrv. The rabbinical tisdition was that he first intniduced Idol-worship and astrology — a tradition which the Hellenists transferred to the post- diluvian Calnan. Thua Ephraem-Sj-njs asserts that tbe Chaldees in the time of Terah and Abram womhip- ped B graven god called Cainan; and Gregory Bai- Hehrcus, another Syriac author, also applies it to the son of Aiphaxad (Mill. Vmdra.o/GamUasif', p. 160). The origin of the tradition ia not known ; but It may probably have been suggested by the meaning of ' ■apposed root in Aialric and the Aramiean dialects, Just a< another aigntflcatlon of the same root seems to have suggested the tradition that the daBghtera of Cain

mants (Geaenias, Thaaur. s. v. -iXp). Hla name if Anglirized " Kenan" Id the Auth. Vera, at 1 Chron, I. a.

2. TbesonofATphaxad,aiidbtheraf Sals, accord'

lug to L^ke Hi, Bfi, Sfl, and usually called the aecflw] Cainan. He la also found in the present copin of tb« Sept. in tbe genealo^ of Shem, Gen. x, !4; xl, 1! anil IS (when his history is given In fall like the reat : "And Arpbaxad lived IB5 years, and begat Cainan. And Arphaxad lived after be begat Cainan 400 years, and begat sons and dangbtera. And be died. And Cainan lived IBOyeara.andbegatSalah. And Cainan lived after he begat Salah S80 years, and begat taaa and daughtcn. And ho died"), and 1 Chnm. I, IS (though ho is omitted in 1 Chron. i, 34), but U nowhera named in the Hebrew text, nor in any of tbe vcnloiin made from it, as the Samaritan, Cbaldee. Syriac, Vul-

yeara in the scries of names fa of great cbronologicKl importance, and la one ofthe circa m stances which ren- der the Scptuagint compulation of time longer than the Hebrau, tbb nutter baa engaged much attention, and has led to great discussion among chronologerF. See CiinoFOLOoT. Some have sug^-csted that the Jews purpoaelyexclndedtbe second Cslnan from their copies, with the dcaign of rendering the Septuagint and Luke suapectod; others that Hoaea omitted Cli' nan, being deeirous of reckoning ten generations only from Adam to Noah, and from Koah to Alraham. Some suipoacthatArphaindwiiafathcrorCainEn and Sulab — of Salah naturally, and of Cainan Icg-.tly; while others allege that Cainan and Salah were the same person under two namea. It ia believed Ly many, however, that tbe name of this second Cainan waa not originally in the text oven of Lake, bnt is an addition of inadvertent tranacriben, who, remarkln;r It in srma copies of tbe Septua^nt, added it (Kuinol, ad Ijk. ill, S6) Halea, though, as an advocate ofthe longer chronology, prediipoeed to ita retention, decides that wn are (ully warranted to conclude that the rtcond Cainan was not originally in the Hebrew text, at leart, nor in the Septuagint and other vernons derived from it (CinmoIrOT, I, ^91)- Some of the grounds for tbU conclusion are, 1. Ihat tbe Hebrew and SamariUn, with all tbe ancient vcralons and targums, concur in the omisrion; !. Ihat the Septnagint is not consiftent with itself; for in tbe repetition of genealogies in 1 ChroD i, S4, it omits Cainan and atnes with the Ho- brew text ; 8. That the second Cainan i* silently re- jected by Josepbus, by Pbllo. by John of Antiocb, and by Eusebiua; and that, while OrU-cn ntaincd the name itself, he, in his copy ofthe Septuagint, marked itwith an obeiiakaa an unauthorlied reading. It cer- tainly was not contained in any copies of the Bible

I which Berosus, Eupolcmus, Polyblator, Theopbilua of Aniioch, JuUug Afrlcanna, or even Jerome, had accesa to. Moreover, it seeoia that the intrusion of the name even into the Sept. ia comparatively modem, since Au-

I gaatlDo la the Hrat writer who mentions It a* fbund in the O. T. at all. Demetrius (B.C. 170), quoted by Eu- sebius (Pmp. Cwmj. ix, 21), reckons 1360 years from the birth of Shcm to Jacob's going down to Eg}-pt,

in tbe great fluctuation of the numbera in tbe ages of the patriarchs, no reliance can be placed on this argu- ment. Nor have we any certainty that the flgurrs have not l-een altered in tbe modem copies of Eusebi- us. to make them agree with the ccmpatation of the altered coi^s of tbe Sept. 4. That the numbers indi- cating the longevity and paternity of this (atriarch are evidently borrowed horn those immodiately adjrdn- ing, aa is tbe name itself from that of tbe antediluvian ' patriarch. See Heidegger, Bill. Palrinrrh. ii, 8-15 ; ' Bochart, /^if^, liKii, cap. IS; Hill's rindic. a/ our Lord't Gemai. p. 148 sq; Raa, Harmim. Eeatig. i, SIM sq. ; Mlchaelia, Di Chra^ol'^. Mofi$ poti dUm. (in the Commrntal. Soc. GoU. !7GS "q. ; translated In the Am. ' Bib. Repot. July. 1841, p. 114 aq.); Vater, Commm. ' mat Pe»l. 1, 174 aq. See GESEALOOr (oP CnBttT> I Calnltea, a aect of Gnostics that sprung up about 'the year 180, and U classed with the Ophites (q. vj

CAIUS

]5

iBiaiH. Thrj Iwld ttut SopUn (WindDin) amaa mcana to pnttn's Id cvtry age in tbia WDrld, < which Um DcmiurKs bad cm ted. a mca beiiiing witbln ' ibiB ■ ipiritDBl nature liDiilu- to bar own, uid Intent ' ■peaoppninKtbc lyraDnjofthe Demiurgt. TbeCuln- itc* nvirded Cwn u the chief of thii nee. They hou- •nd Cnin, niiil the btA charecteri of SiTiptnrB genec- ■Uj, OB the gTonud that, in proportion la tha hatred, Nck chanrten eTfncod of the lava of the God ofthia varid (the Demtni^), the more worthily did ibfj act '■ . »ibt tea* of Sapkia, whoH chief work ii to destroy the . kingdom of the l>emlur^. For the aume reason, they | horaared Korah, Duthan, and Abiram, ai well at the In- kaUtanta of Sodmn, and Judas Itcarlnt, wtuim tfaej re- icarded aa procuring the death of Chrial from tho pureat noliirBs: Tm h< kneir that this was the only poaaiMe way of cfTecting the destruction of (be Demiurge's kingdom. Hippoljiua mentions the Cainilea Ii '

CAKE

»«. i>/lit O. T. (Utr. Vtl, Tal.) (LycDS, 1689, 8 roll. fol.):— /•• ^iniiman Thama Agvimllu O-mmnU. :— OpuKula (amonu which ia bia treatise on the authori^ of the pope, in which be glvea vent to the extremeat vieWB of ultn-monUnlsm, and wbicb was refuted hy order of the Aiculty of Parif) ; — Tradaiia Jt eampam. ttoK papa tl tomcHii (Venice. 1S31). His works are collected, and aomawhat modifled (Lyons, 16)^0, fol.).

-N'eander, Ch. Ilitt. i, 448; AigBM. Dt n^ra. cap. zviii : TertnU. Dt Prtaeripl. ap. zlrii ; Lardnet, WaHa, viii, £60.

C«lua (of the Now Teat.). See Gaicb.

CbIim (emperor of Rome). &ee CalIoui.a.

Cains or Oaltl*. a pnwbyter of the Ubnrch at Roa«,«bo flouriahedahoulilO, in the tlmeof Zephy- riana and Calliatua. Photlna calls him Tiv ifhrmi in'anrroe, a designation the meaning of wbicb i* not rlaar. When at Rome, be held a celebrated dispnta- Um with I^niclDf, the head of a sect of Montaninta, vhicfa he afterward reduced to writluK in the form of dJahrxM*. Eesebiua quotes fTaKmenls of Ibia work io lib. ii. cap. !G, ami also in lib. iii, cap. 28, and lib. vi, rap. 10. Caiua also wrote a book called Tht Labg- liatf, and another agiinat Artemon, unieia the former be the aame with the work attribnted to Origen, as Can Buppoaea. Eusebius ^ves an extract from the Partmi Latfrii^ui a^^iniit Artemon and Theodolna, lib. V. cap. iS. rhotlua also attributes to this Caiua a TieatiM on the Dnlvtrae, but both thia and the ■' I.ab- yrinth" are now attributed to Hippolytua. Sea Ban- Mn, mppBlftiu and k 1 Timn ; also Orign or IKipalg- laa, in the MUk. Qyarfr/Yy Annr, \»bl, p. S4G; Lan-

CsllM or Oalna, a Dalmatian, elect<4 bifhop of RoDie In VS, and la said to hare auffered tnartrrdom ■nder Diocletian. April n, !«!. Hia epialle was edit- ed, with notes, etc.. by Cna. Becitlua, a priest of the •■ator; of Uriiino, and aubjdntd to tbe Acts of bia Uai^Tdom, publiabed at Rome in 1628.

Cttlns, Jonn {Kajt or Kry, Latiniicd into Couu), H.D., waa born at Norwich Oct. 6, I&IO. and liecsme ■accesfiTSly flrat pbyrician In Kdward VI. Mary, and Fliiabeth. HediedJoiyfa.lSTa. Hefonnded the col- lege whicb beara his name at Cambridf{e for twenty- three stDdenla. He waa a kooiI claaaical scholar, and wrote many treatises on subjects connected with medi- rise and natural hiatorr. He published also a treatise aa the antiquity of the DnlTerrity of Cambridge (wbicb ke states was founded by out Canlabrr, S94 ynrt b^an rlni*), and another on tbe proouncbtian of Greek and Latin. Hb tomb still remaina in Caius College, with soly this inacripUon, " Pui Caiua."

Cajetan (Gaktaxo Tomhaso i>t Vio), cardinal, nmamed from GaUa. wheie be was bom, Feb. 3n, 14G9 [olben say Jnly t.'i.H70). Hia proper name waa Jacob, bat he asiumnl that of Thomas In honor of Thomas Aqninas. At fifteen he became a Dominican, and in IMS be was made general of bis order. In 1S17 Leo X Hda him catdinal, and al'o bis legate In Germany. the priaripal olijecl of his mission Itelng to lirlng back Lntber to the obedience of the Holy See Iwfore bis ■eiaralkNi was Anally completed. C^tan fulfliled hie mMon in a haughty and imperious manner, and notb- iac csuM of it. In 1S19 be was sppninled to the aee of GaCta. after wbicb he waa employed In other mis- ikier, and died at Borne In Idftl. He pablished a IVr-

Cake (represented In- sereral Heb. worda ; see be- w). The Hebraws uaed varioua sorts of cakes, which

' was the form muallT given to Oriental broiid (2 Sam.

' vi, 19: I Kings xvii, Vl). See Imat. They were leavened or nnieavened. They also offered cakea in the Temple made of wheat or of barlev, kneaded some- times with oil and aometimea with honer. For the purpoeaa of offering, Ilieee cakes were ulted, but un. leavened (Exod. xxiK, i ; L«r. ii, 4). In Jer. vii, 18; xliv, 19, we read of tbe Hebrews kneading their dough ■' to make cakes to the queen of heaven" [see Abhto- rbth}. which appears to have been, f^m aorly times, an idolatrooa pructice, and was also tbe custom of the Greeks and Unmans. ITieancianl Egyptiansaiaomads nfferiURS of cakes to their deities, in H«ea vii, 8,

Ephriiun is called " s cake not turned." This figura. ,ivs expression illustrates the mixture of truth and dolatry (.lewa and Gentiles among the Ephraimites) ly dough baked on one side onli-, and, tbarefure, nei' iier dimgb nor bread. See BaiAD.

I. For Hcular Ui'.—Xbn ordinary (wbeatan) bread otthe Hebrews certainly bad the abape of ilat biscuits; and as Ibis has been alread.v sufficiently discuased un- der the article Bake, we will here consider only thoae finer sorts, which appear to hive been of more artifi- cijl manufacture. Tbe terms for these are aa follaws: (1.) A$lii:aJca, rhi7, uggoik'. See AsB-CaKe. (2.) raaeahit, baked in oil in the ni^ni?, mieeW. iAtIA, or pot (Lev. ii, T ; see Jarchl in KoMnmtltler, ad loc.), perhaps like modern dais^^HiU. See FRrrico- PAM. Different are the ri3''3b, UliboA' (i Sam. xiU, O-IS; Sept. iaXX'>r"'^(v), cakes kne»ded of doDgb(vn'. R), which, boiled in a deep pan, were emptied out from it Under, but not liquid (ver. 8, 9). The import of this Isst, from the etymology, ia very uncertain (aee ROdiger, De. in'erpnl. ArtA. libr. hilt. p. 94; Thenios on Sam. xiii, 6; Geaenius, Tir,. p. Hi). It was pmb- ably a kind of fancy cake, the makingof which appear* to have been a rare accaniplishment, since Tamar was required to prepare it for Ammou in bis pretended ill- ness (! Sam. xiii, 6).

(8.) Holt-caka, ri^n, duitkth' (! Sam. vl, 19), which were mingled with oil (',':?:9 nib^^a, see BUir, BsiaboL ii, 801), and baked in tbe oven (Lev. ii, 4).

(4.) Vafrrt, D''p''p'n, ntijlm' {Exod. xxlx,!; Lev. viii, go : 1 Chron. ixii'i, !9), made very thin (Or. \a-

I yava), and spread with oil (111^:9 B^rn^^, Sept lui-

I «xai»<Tfiiwr iy t'^aifi). See WafBr.

(5.) Cracktri. the V^'^'i, luOtMint' , of 1 Kings

I .liv, 8, translated " cracknels" in the Authnriied Vei^ alon. an almect obsolete word, denoting a kind of crisp

'cake, q, d. "cmniii-cake." The original would seem,

,by iUstyniolDgy(tffroin-T'pl. (/ircibfeir, Bpotl«d, Gen. XXX, 32 sq.), to denote somelhing spotted or sprinkled over, etc. Bnitorf (to-. TiJm. coL 1%6) explaina tbua: " Ultle circles of bread like the half of an egg, Trnmatll, c. 6;" and in another place (^XpU. md. Urbr. p. tU), "Alaa the crackers, I Kings xlv, S, comnionly called biteml. received thdr name because they were formed in little nwwJ slices aa if stamped out, or be- caoae they were punctured in aonw peculiar manner." It is, Indeed, not improbable that they may have been

CAKK 16 CAKE

■ mat of liiuidt, or unull mnd hard-bsked «k», alcu- to, bat tbc import of tbe word* Ibere smploy«l U rwy ktedta keep (for > journey or some otbrr purpose) by ' uDcertaiu. Od the Greek cukes, see ef pecilll]' Atbm. nuoB at their exceggive hardnua (or perhapa beinK j xiv, 644 >q. See gcnenlly K«n, Ditt. de r« ction ll«- IK^ 6aiv<f, u tba word ii'Ku^ Impliev)- Kot only sra insDr. (Tr.adRb.I7<>9). z^ie Fo3i>. such hud cakeg or biiciiita still used in the Eatt, bat j. ^, ,:,cnjidal OjKri'i^i.— The second chapter of tbey are, tike all blBCoitJ, pimclttrtd to render tbem Levitieua ^^ivea a sort of list of the differml kiadi of Dion hard, »nd aometimea, also, tbey are apriakled , bread and Cakra in UM smong tbe BDcirnl I^^aelitell, Hith aeed^ either of which circumat^nees AufSciently . for the purpOM of dittinBuliLbinB the kind* which were meets tbe conditiona aug^^tcd liy the etymology of ' ft^m thoee which were not Buit4.Lle for i fferinga. Of the Hebrew word. Tbe eilatence of euch biacuita is gactt as were fit for offerings, KS find, further implied in Joah. ii, 5, V2, where the Glboonltfa (, j BrradboM w ne w(Uv. ii. 4); but thia is liin- descrilietheir bread as huvlnjj become as Aarrfmitioli lied to two ™rta, which ippear to be, first, the bread (not " mouldy," aa in the AuthoriiBd Version) by tea- ; ^jj^ io,|jg jd^ vessels of atone, meti-l, or rartben- aon of the length of their journey. See Cbal-ksbl. | ^g„^ „ ^„g cu^tomarj-. In thi- case the oven Is half (6.) ll<mes--at ; 1^373 '^''"B?, Uappidimi,' bid- ' flUcd with small smooth pebbles, upon nhich, when tak' (E.tod, xvl, ai ; Talm. T'JKJaS^, Miahna, Cialla, ' heated i.nd tbe fuel wiihdrawn. the dongh is laid. 1, 4). auch asare atiD much relishwl by the Arabs. See l ?«** prepared iji tbi. mode la ncc«»arily full of in- HOKEY. Different from these were tbe miniwaie., <'"'"'""" " holes, fmm the pebble, on which it U _.-...^ ...i.^u !■ i^- u ' (Ti ■■■ ■. D . baked. Second, the hread prepared ly dropping with E^33tt ■'TD^OH, (uAii*<3r aaabim (Hew. in, 1; Sept. ,,,. h„„,„,^,. ' . j . ,vi i r.i i „.i- "j

■ . -. - ■-.' ,, , . , J,, , . . Ibe hollowof the handa thin laTer of the almost liquid

''ft^^ll"'" "J-f'^ot. Authorited Version "flagons ^ j, t^e outside of the same oven, and whi.h,

of wlno ), probably a mass of dried grapea presaed | i^jng ^.^^ j^y tbe mrnicnt It louchra the healed siir- intoforni; comp. the lumps ("cukoa^') .//jt, D-iM^, .face, forma a thin, wafer-like bread or liscoit. Tba ritirlin', in 1 Sam. xxv, IB. See fio. Tbe term | first of these Noscsappiears to diFtingubh by the char. ri;^-CK, aduiah' (aa explained hy the Targ. of IH.- acteiislic epithet of r>SVn, chnUall,' (see above), per. Jonathan at Exod. xvi, Bl ; also tbe Mishna, Xedar. I /.ro&d; or/uJ/ '/Aofra (Exod. xxli, !; Lev. ii, 4; vii, vl, 10; see Gesen. Tiri. i, 166 »q.), seems to denote ^ 18; Nnm. vi, 15, etc.), and the other by the name of the same kind of cakes as osed for reft«shmcnt (Cant. ; B-BTO-i, relvKn', Ain cakeL being. If ccrrcctly iden- II. 5i 2 8«n. .i, 19 ; 1 Chron |,,t. 8). Seo F,.A»or,. I ^.,/^'^^ ^„^^ ,^, j^l„„,„ ^, ^„^j „^'i„ ^,,^

A 'P"""/ "^P«P^ -'•'' '""'*>■ i* '"^B^' ("" 1 East. A cake of tbe (bntier was offered «i tbe fiirt «f Jcreme) to be referred to in Eiek. xvi, 18 (ee Rosen- ^^^ j^^^ (lev. viil, 16), and is n.rnlie

, in loc.).

I vi, 19, with the addition of " bretd'—prr/brofiif brtait.

(7.) The liatifd /rrgmml) rf the oj?;™--, TOP ^ Both torla, «b<n uaed fbrofltrinirs.wfretobeunlea. D^FI? rns?, turp'flfj' inmAa/A'pi(aB'(lit,e«>i)n5i cned (perhaps to aecure their being prepared fcr tbe ./the offiritig o/[i. e. In] pircn, Auth. Vei. " baken fpecii-l purpuse) ; and tbe first foit, namely, thi.1 which pieces of the meat-offering," Lev. vi, 21, i. e. cooked oppeara to have been I aked inside the oven, was to I e and prepared like the meat-offering, and then broken flunif up with oil, while tbe other (Uiat baktd Outside np into pieces; com p. Lev. ii, 4 aq, ; vii, 9), are prob- , thenveo), which, thim It* thinness, could not pocelbl)- alily cooked pieced that were again kneaded up with ; be thus trettcd. was to be only smeared with <ril. Tbe oil and baked (cnmp. Wunsleb in Panlup, Saviml, iii, IVesh olive oil, nhich was to be used for this purpoFV, SSO: Buhr, -■ Jmio/. ii, BOi). F.ir this purpose use was ! Imparta to the 1 resd something of the flavor of bolter, made of •/rj«v^)<»,r;ms, ma.*.-6art' (Lev. ii, 6, ' ■"''''^'' '"' " usually of very indifl-ennt quality [n etc.). probaWv a flU iron pUte (stew.pan or griddle), 1 ^"^ countries.

beneath which the fire was kindled (comp. Niebuhr, i (2.) S-wifaiivrfia aprifi— 1ft, Ihat^biih, as isslUl I 2:'4). gee Pah. I usual, in baked in, or rather on, the tojm. This also,

(S.) The lUn ^1, 0-jaa, fc«™./«' (" c:.ke«," Jor. °f, ""f"^!'- ™^". ** "".'"^'^^f ''"^?'.'^'^ T.'** .. .o .■ ,n^ -. r , >■ i v , <^'' 2d, Tbui, sccording to Lev. ii, 0, couM bc Inbcii ,K 18; xl.r, 19), a »,t of w||fer o«d in heathen of- ,„^ pieces. «d oil pon^ over it, forming a distln.t feringp, •" "■"d^rea tn the S*pt. by he Gr«ixed term ^,„^ „r , ^j ^j ^^^^^ ^^j i„ f ,^, ,^i,^ ^ _ X«,^<e. which is explained ly Snlda. and other an- , ^„,t, j^^^ „„ .^^ ,„^ „ ,,„ ;, ^^ "^g^^, ^i^^, „, cwnt glo««nsta aa signih-rag barley-cakes steeped in ,,^j ,^„, ,,^^^„ „ ^„^ ^^^^^ ,^,^^ kind of dough, oil : compare the cakes and Larley-meal used wlHi ";> I f^^ a kind of food or ps.try in which the OricnUli rifices among the Greeka and Romana (see Smith s i ,„i,_ ■. j,ij_t. j \.x.:X. i... . . j- ji ■_

Sii;{,Sr' '"*■'■ •■ '■ *■"""""■ '*' """" i "-"«*• S"i"rt''. Tb.":."i:"t.'."'

— . , ' . , T. 1 I ... ... ■ to the Hebrew JISS, nngiih , is the most ficquentlT'

The onlv remain ng Ueb. words relating to tbe sn1>- i , , , ,.'>■'" ' ,, . . , , , . ' , . ', J ,. ^ ■.■..,.>. »- -.;__ I employed for this purpose. When it is hiked, it is

}ect. or rendered "cake' in the Antb. \ ers., are, JVB, ! ^^^/^ ^^^ crumbs and rekneaded with wsMr, to nadf, , > (ofc, i. e. whole piece (q. d. "si™ ) of bread ^hi^,, ■„ ^jj^^ ;„ ,j,g ^^^ „[ ,[,„ operation, butter. (1 Kings xvii, 12 ; in Psa. xxxv, Ifi, in the phrase ; ^^^ vinegar, or honey. Having thus again reduced nso "SS J, mie-lnfjr-^iu, mora plaefifir, " mockers j U to ■ tough dnui h, the mafS la broken into pieces, In feasts," 1. e. table-testets) ; UTO, maltttah' (Josh. , which are baked in smaller cnkes and eaten as a diii-- T, 11 ; Jndg. vi, 19, SO, M ; J Chiwi. nxiii, 29, etc.), ■ ty. The preparation for the Mwuiral offering was trril or unleavened bread, as usually rendered [sec more simple, l.tit it serves to indicetp the existence of Leaven]; and <>1<>S, litltd', m h-^h:t, lidif (Judg. vii, ""'■'' preparations among the ancient Israelites. IS), a romd aJ,, of barley-l)read. ' The "in, cfciri', ' , (3-> A""™* *^ "^ '*' *"^*— 'l"t i" to say,

^rri.- >i Iff h-^i, „i ~i .k. l.r,_..i... ™ked upon the heart h-st< ne. or plbte covcrmg the

°1S -C = ^ ^ f^ " ^ "prewion ;^.^^ frequently answers'the purpc, rf an

■'?" ■'iO, Sept- Mv^ x-'-fp'ri-'. Vulg. «m«h-<. Jhn. ^.^^ "^Thi, .i,„ ^^s (o he mixed with oil (Lev. il 7) w Antb Ve«. "rUie bssketa." marg. "baskets /aH ■ j^, ^^ ^rfona kinds of baked br^ad were aUowed o/*o/e» ), may signify either v* (<■ brrad, aa made of „ oBtrings, there is no question that they were the lln^ flour Cm the Mishna. Edaiolh, iii, 10, -nrt is a spo- be!4 modes of prepnring bread known to the Hebrews des of bread or cake like the Arab. rAunuNnry, white in the time of Mwes; nnd as all the ingredirnta were bread or floor), or il may refer to some peculiarity of such as Palestine abnnd.intly produced, tbey were such tbe baskets merely. See Babkbt. In tbo Mishna, offerings as even the poorest might withoat much dif- CiJf<i,xi, 4 sq., many other kinds of cake are referred llculty procnrv. See iiiia«-wiiw..o.

17

CALAMY

Calah (HeU Ke'lach, rfsi, ngoTtau old age, u b Job *, SC; in paoM Ka'laeh, rhs; Sept. XaXax. T«!|5, nl'ifrj, one of the nMwtuictent cltie* of AuyHk, «Imm Ibunditkni is wcribcd eitb«r to Auhar or Nim- roJ (Geo. x, 11). Tba plus hoB been tbouKbt idtn- bctl with tha Ckulieh (nbn, Sept. AAn.) named tUe- wbera [we Halaii] (:i King* xtU, 6; iviii. II; 1 Chnin.*,i6); bat. on monnmentil e%-ldtnc«, the Rav- Unwns {HrroJ. 1, 86«) re^Knt the site of Calah u nmrli- ed b^ the Klmrail rain*, which have furninbed » large * pn>pnTti<in of the Anjriui antlqaltias. The Talmud (tSKd. x) localvii it on tbe Euphr<ile», near Bonippi (rt'^HS). If at Nimrud, Calib mult be eonaldered to h^v* been at one time (abont B.C. 9eO 720) the c>|uUi1 of lh« empire. It mi the retidrnce of (he warlike SanUnapatiu and hia >ncce»or* dovn to tha tirre of Swvn, who bnflt a new capital, wliich be rolled li bit awn luine, on the eits orrupicd <]- the iiiidiii XjkmAoJ. Thit plice f^II continuid under llie li.t<i kioip tn be ■ town of importance, and •Kit tfpcviull} EiTond by EurhadUon, who luilt Iheie one uf Ihi fCnadeat of the Aaeyrian paiarer. In later time* Ca- Uh gsTe name to one of the ihief diitricta of the tonn- tn. wUch appean aa Calad.^ (tiaXmivij, Ptolem. vi. l.'n or CdadHtu (Ka\n^;,-i,, Strabo, xvi, p. 680. TK), in tbe geographen. Ijivard (jV/«<r<A onffirj lit- moat, ii, U) au jgeata that it may poroil ly be extant <a the very extensive mini cuUrd Kaltk Sheiiiat, on the vf9^ side of the Ti /rip, a' ove Itsjnnction with tbe Lwaer Zak But tee Resign. Lcm probable ii the identiflcation with rbn/.a, the former rummrr ren- dene* of the callpha in Arabia or Baliylonlan Irak, ac- fording to Abulfoda, Ave davs' )oumry north of Bag- dad (In An»ille, RBi" lung ,'34i° Iat.X which, acard- iae to Anemani (&i6f. Or. ill. ii, 4:Saq., T5S), la 1.1m called Cka'ria (romp. Mirhai'lii, Sappl, p. TC7 ; Iiooen- mbller, Atrrth. I, ii, W). Fphraem Synii" (in loc. Gen.) nnderatanda the old llrsopotamian Citliv on tbe Tigris (Roaenmi^ller, a. p. 120 ; but aee Micfaaelif, ^■iofay. i, 'US M).). As it would Feem to have been at nme distance from Nineveh, the rity of Resen lyiup Iwtweeo them, mwt eirlier writers concni in plauinv it on the Gieit Zab (the ancient Lycnf), not far from ■ujnDctioD with tba Tigii>, and Rawn in placed hUh-

XiiHTeh (Barhart, Pk ilf'g, iv, H). See AgsvniA.

CalWDOl'ttlOB (Kn.\a(i^aAo{. TuIr. CUonitt). eiven (I Eidr. v, !j) at the name of a plnce who>c '•«•»" were reatored alter the exile; apparentlv a cormpt BgelomeTatioii of the oamea Elam, Harim. LoD, and Uadio in tha genoloe text (Eira ii, 81, Si).

CalimOD. See STCAnnA.

Cal'amDa occurs in three passages of the Anth. Vera, for the Heb. mj, hauh' (Sept naAo/ioc, elac ■here "reed"): Exod. xxx, 28, among tho incredi- enl* of tha holy anainliii|{ oil; Cant jv, 11. in an caamanlion of iweet scents; and £zek. xxvii, in, among the article* iirongbt to tba marketi of Tj-re. The term deaignitea thn marsh and river reed (rener- ally [see RsEn] ; bot in the places Just referred to it appear? to rigniiy the mrrtjl;;, (rriXitjioc aoh>,ianii'H:. IlioKvir. i, 17), an Orient.'l plant (aiLimai ndtmHiii. nin.xii,12,4'<),orwhich tha l.innnan name It Anrvi r-^mu. No doBlrt the same pUnt is Intended in Isa. iliii, 34 ; Jer. H, BO, when the Auth. Vers, has taeri rmr. In tbe latter text the He).. Is 3Vjn rop, Jr. »A *oWo*' (i. e. good am-), and in Exod. xxx, 88. 3?a n^,ttmtk' bo'tm (i.e.oihnflromietmr'). "A •canted one is said to huve been fonnd In a val- ley of Hoont Lebanon (Polyb. v, 48; Strab. xvl. At. The plant haa a reed-like stem, which i* exeeedinBly hagnnt, like the leaves, esperially when bruised. It il ef a tawny eolrr. much jointed, breaklnR into splir- tatt. and having tbe hollow stem 611ed with pith like

a spider's web" (KalischonExod. xxx, !S.) Tbeeat-

amuB of Scripture la probably the reed by that name

■ometlmta found in

Europe, but nrual-

1y in Asia (Ttae-

phnut PhnU. ix,

7; Pliny, xit, 121,

and especially in

India sad Arul^ia

(Diod. Sic. ii. JO;

Pliny, xii,4t-). It

places in Egypt

and Jndna, unci in several perls .

of Syria, bearing from the root u knotted stalk, ci cavity a soft white pith. It has ai ble aromatic smell, and when cut, dried, and powdered, it fbriiis an ingredient in tbe rich- eat perfumes I niny, xv, 7; see CeWi Hit- nb. 11, 3^G sq.). 1 he plant from which the "calamus aromaticus" of modem shops is ol.taiDrd appears to l-j a different apeciea (/Vmiji Cfchpadin, a. v. Acorn?). See Came.

Calfinm> aacer (also called pupUarit or j£i(u/u), a tube made of gold or silver, iiith a larger oriHce at one end tlun at the other, through which the conre' crated wine was drawn into the moulh, the large end of Ihetabe being Inserted into tho chalice. See CuALirK.

Calamy, Edmnnd, an eminent English divine, waa bom In London A. D. 1600, and took his B.A. degree at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in 1619. After spending some vears as cbapUin to the bishop of Elv, in 1036 he wis made a lecturer at Bary SL Edmund's, where he cnntinned until the publication of liisho|> Wren's " Articles,"' and tbe enforcement of the order for the reading of ths "Book of Sports," compelled him to protest, and tn leive the diocese. He than re- ceived the livin,! of lt.>chfard, but Id 1639, having avowed himself a l-resbyterian, he was made lecturer of St. Itlary's. Aldermanbury, in London, which office he filled for twenty years. In the ecclesiastical con- trovorsies of the times he liore a prominent part He joined with Slarshsll, Youn^, Mewcomen, and Spur- stow in writing, under the Utle of Smtclgwmiua, a re- ply to bishop Hail'a " Divine Right of Episcopacy.'' As ■ preacher Mr. Calamy was greatly admired, and listened to by persimsoftheflrst distinction during the twenty years that ha officiated in St, Mary's. Ilia ce- lebrity was sn well esUblished by his writing, as well us by tbe distinguished stiition which he ocoupipil among the minlstenin the metr»pi>lis, that he was Kn^ of tha -Jivines appointed by the llnuse of Ixirds in ml to deviaa a pUn for roconcilinic the differences which then divided the Church in regard to eccleaiaatical dis- cipline. Thia led to the Savoy Conference (q. v.), at which ha appeared in support of some alterations in tha Liturgy, and replied to the reasons urged against them by the Episcopal divines. As a member of the Westminster Aasambly (q. v.), ha earnestly opposed tbe execution of king Charles, and promoted (be rtf~ tontion of his son, who made him one of his chaplsins, and ofTered him tba sr« of Lichfield and Cnventri-, which ho refused. When the Act of Uniformity was paased he resigned his prefemient, bat refused, like many others, to gather a con.-regation, preferrinic reg- ularly to attend the chufch in which he had so Ion)- officiated. HediedOct.39,166G,orB nervous disorder occasioned by the sight of the misery caused by the Are of Ijmdon. He published Tht r.nd'g Mia-i Art, .•■'rr- m0MonPsa.eKix,TS(Lond. t6»3.i;thed. limo)t TAr ^a6i[-jnjn'<PaaFni(Li-nd.ll>IB, lto),and many single

Calamy, Edmimd, D.D., grandson of the pre- ceding, was bom in London April 6, 1G71, At the

CALAS

18

CALATRAVA

■1^ of KiraiitMti he vent Id tbe Uiiivanity of Utrecbt, where he wu pUced under the tuition of the diitio* ([aiihed proTeMon De Vria and QneriDa. In 1S9I, nhen Principal Canton WM wnt lo HolUnd in qaest •if K gentleman to fill a profeuor'a cbiir in the Uni- yersity of Edinburffb, he applied to CaUmj-, end press- ed blm to accept the situation ; but be declined the honor, though soon afterward he TOtumed to KngUnd for tbe parp»e ofpanaing hia atudieiln the Bodleian Library. In 1700 he began to preach among the Non- canfarnilstt, and id 1708 he tooli charge of a enngrega- lion In Weitmlnstcr, which he held for many year*. In 1703 he arranged for the preu SoKfr't IJff tmd Timrt, which publication gave rise to a di*pu(e be- tireen Calamj- and Hoadley. In 1709 he was made D.D. by the oniTenities of Edinburgh, Glat^w, and Abeidean. Aftar a lahorious lir^ diTlded between preaching and writing, he died, June S, 1732. Among

his worka an Z)/»i!OBr»r» nn Imipiralirn (Lond. ITIO, j committniaworatotnap Kvn):— SemuuMitte 7W>n<:jF(Lond. 17!f, Bvo) :—A>- ! appeared under the title i fnat rf moderate Noit-cimformit3(lamA.l'fii-&,ivo\t. . run Hdtraun cum Nvo}: — J^ Non-cOH/armid't Mmorial (Lond, 17«1, 1 1621, 4 vols, fol.)- '1 MoXt-Syo) ■.—HiiloTy a/hU L^e and Tbit^ edited by i Ramaine at I^ood Kott (Und. lajfl, a vols. 8™). ' ...

CalBB,jF.AN, in unfurtunat of the Protertant rallgion. I hung himself in a At of meUncI father was aeized as guiltj-

KTnand that his ann intended to emhrace Romaniam the next day. No proof could be offered against hitn, hut the fanatical passion of the mob was roawd. The ™rpee waa honored aa that of a martyr. "The flergy exerted all their influence to confirm the populace in their delusion. At Tottlonse thi - ■ .

Calw nMi GicnrTB (Jiwtfitw a matra Drt), founder of the aider of the Ptarult (q. v.), waa bom in AragoD in IWG. Ha entered holy ordera In 158!, anrl went la Rome, where he obtained the protection of Clement VIII, Paal V, and Gregory XV, tbe Utter of whom, after the new wder had been founded liy Cala- ■anza, named blm tnneral of it in IBH. He died in IMIt. and vai canoniied in 1767. He ia commemora- ted on August 37.— Fehr, GtiMclUe d, MBncktonlai, U,61.

Cklasio. Habio di, named ttoai a vOlage of that name in the Abmzio, where be was bom in lUO. He became a Franctscan, and devotol bimaelf to Hebi«w. in which be aoon became k> great a proficient Ihtt Pope Paul V made him D. D. and proreasor of Hebrew at Rome. He ia beat known by hk Htbrrw Conrord- amc*, which occupied him daring forty yeam, ertn with the aid of other learned men. He waa about to he died, in 16!0. It

irui.«S^.(Bonie,

Another edition waa published by

n In 1747, but It Is not considered

Dri6«. Hf la Mid to have died

nl of Toulouae. | chanting the Psalma In Hebrew.— Sioj. t.'»iw. tI, 604.

?s'T-^"'"tT' ' Calatrava, a military onler of Spain, named Itom

'V th '**" *"*" °' Calatrava, in Kew Caatile. It bad ita

'_"._ ^'._°['_.._^ ! origin In the following circumttancca : When Alphon-

ao, tbe Bitbrrof Sancbci III, had taken the town of

Calatrava, in 1147, from the Moors, he gave it to the

Templars to defend ; but when it wu apread abroad In

11&8 (hat the AT.iba were about to attempt the recap-

* tbe place, the Templara resigned it again lo

ebrated with great solemnity the funeral of (he young man, and the Dominican monks erected a acaflbid and placed upon il a akeletoii, holding in one hand a wreath i ofpalma, and in the other an abjuration of Protestant- ism. The bmily of Calas was, in conacqueiicc of the popular excitement, brought lo trial for the ' everal deluded and (mnat probably) —

Sanchez, who thereupon preaenlcd it to Kaymond, a hot of the Cistercian nionatttry of Si- Mary. Ibo Araba, after ail, did not attempt the place; but many of the warrlori who had lieen drawn together for ita defence (as well aa many of the lay brethren of llie convent) entered the Cirterctan order, but under ■ '^!": ' habit more fit for military exercifea than for those of ■"i"™ _„..!.. ..,.1 ^..■.......^ .. .k 1„ of CaUlrai-a.

iistnl aa the order

.ease, appeared againatthem. A Catholic servant. ^„ .^| ►■, Alexander III in 1164, ao-i mr-

i, and the young man Ijivavsse, were also imnll- ■ - . v_ r- ^m hut ti. i._. l. . f

d in the accuastion Calaa i'nhi^ defence Insisted "nned by Gregory VIH 1187. The knights at first .. __!/ !.:_..„.:. .„ .11 1,. „i.iu__ . L^!^A^ "■""' ■ "*'"" Mapolafr '"^ ^"oi, but

I all bia children; reminded the court that be had not only allowed another of bia sons lo become a Catholic, but had also paid an annual sum fbr bis mainlenanoe since hia conversion. He also argued tiom hia own inflrmily that he could not have prevailed over a atrong loung man, and referred to the well-known melancholy mooda of the decoaae>i oa likelv la lead lo suicide; and, lainly, he poin the imi^hability thai the Catholic !wrTan^mai<i assist in Buch a murder. But all his arguments unavailing, and tbe Pari lament of Toulouae sentenced

litfr. In 1480, Ft

.pope Benedict XIII ' Veaa, di!. ^r-df. ind lu- ■-

le wretched man— by n majority ofeiuht agaii —to torture and death on the wheel ! With great Armneaa, and proteatations of hi* innocence to tbe last, the old man died on the wheel, March 9,1763. His property waa conflscsted. His youngest son waa ban- iahed for life from France, Iwt waa captured by llie monks, and compelled to abjure Prolesuntlam. The daughters were aent lo a convent" (ChamUra, a. v.). The family of the unhappy man retired lo Cencva, and Voltaire anbaequently undertook lo defend his memorj-. Ho aneceeded In drawing public attontinn toward the i-ircumatances of Ibe case, and a revision of the trial was granted. Fifty judges once more examined the ^4Ct^ and on March !>. 17r>5, the Parliament of Paris declared Calai altogether innocent, l-oiiis XV order- ed the propotr of Calas lo he re>lored to hia family, and made to Ibe latter a present of. '«>,0001ivrei>. Tbe investigation at lart led tn the loUmliim tdk* at I.onis XVI in 1787.- Bungener. Pririil ond llipimoi, vol. ii : Coquerel, tjittolre da ^fiw du rUtn-l (i vols. Paris, 1M1): Haag.£n/'rY™reP™rt«in«*e,lii.96; foquerel, J™i CiJat H ta /.millt (Paris, IS5fl, IJmo).

nomination of thegrsndma —

,. pope, Adrian VI, however, annexed ' .the grand mastersiiip of thin order to

■«>:,i. -n of Spain. The knighu made .

ind conjugal chastity (for

I immaculate conception of the Bleaaed Vlr^n. Aa a 1 mnnaalic order the inalitntion haa ceased to exlat, but I tbere are now said to be nearly eighty commanderiea and , priories in Spain, genenlly given as rewards of merit

^Qmi^

CALCOL

to peUtiol UniHtf. Since ISIB tha order hid BiBi, who had lu provB, before being adniiRed, thci K«M frooi Dobla hoiura. Tbay wore the Ami ol Cbtardu nam, and their principal monutery wi Alnagn. Tbaj ue now lihewiBS Mculaiized.^ — TVt. Ordra Xdig. vdL i ; Landau, Eai. Diet. ». t,

Cal'col (1 ChroD. U, 6). Sm Chalcou

Calotttt*, the cafutal of Bengal, and ne of the Chnrch of EntfWd, on the HcxigJ?. I be bittHipTie wu erected in 1814, and the bishc^ la metro- pc^tan of India. Tbe iocumbent* have been. 1. Tboni' » FuBhaw Hiddlecon, Hav 8, lBt4 : 2. Ragioald He- ber, June t,18!3; S.John T. Jamea, June 4, tB37 ; 4. J. HatChiu Tamer, Hay 17, IBKI; b. Daniel WlLmn, April 29, 1S32, died 1BS8, who cnmmenced tbe building •fa cathedra] church, and the foondation of a chapter ; I.GeDT,(e Edward Lvnch Cutton, D.D., eoneecnted ISM: 7. Ko *rt Milm'an, February 2, 1B67. CalcutU haa been the centre of an important lyitem of Protes- tant BiHiuiu, bith English and Aueriuan. See Imdia.

Caldoroii. Ses Kaluerdm.

CaldBTWOOd, DjtTiu. a Scotch dirine, wat bora ii 1675, and in IG04 became mlnlrter of the parl>hii£ rnaliDg. When James tin 1617 aongbt to hrini; the Seattiah Cbnrcb into conformity with tbe Church of Kni^nd, Calderwnad vat etreDuons in oppoaltlon. Pervecution and threat) harin)c biled to ahlke Calder- vsod, he waa Imprianned, and afterwird baniahcd. He retired to Hollind, where he puMiahed Alljre />n-

1S13, beat ed. 170$, 4t<>), in wblcb he enten into a f^ll (xaninatiaa of the principles of the Church of Eng- land, ita gDverament, ceremoniea, and connectioD with the atate. The work made a K^>' imprenion at the time, and vaa tranilited into Engliih under the title of Tkt AUar o/ Dammcai, or tKe PatUmof llu fc'njfiiA nimtrdig tmd CkmrM dbtndtd upon lite Church ofScol- lt»d (1621, llmo). A report having been spread that Calderwood wu dead, a nun named Patrick Scot pnb- liihed a pretended recantation, with the title "Calder- wood'a Bacantation, directed to aucb in Scotland as nfnaa CaafoTmit]' to tbe Ordinances of the Church" < Untiaa, 1S2S). Calderwood, In the mean time, had i ralamed aecretl? to Scotland, where be lived aome vean In coDcealmgnL He cnllected the materials for ■ mdarjB/lke Kirk o/Scillin-l, which he left Id MS., and which has been pablished br the iroodnw Soei- fif (Edinb. 1S4S-9, 8 vob. »ya\ From the materials of thia work Calderwood wrote bja Trv. Hitlory "/the Chm* of 8cMjKi/mm H; B'g»ntg n/lhe Rrforma- nmnttlJu £mi"/aeltti^n/Jamrt I'/ (1678, fol.j. He died abom 1650.

CKldrOU, pnp. a large cooking vesael, is tha ran- d-risg IB oertsin paasages of the Aath. Vers, for the fullowing words: 1. ';'i?|lN,a;inH'(Jobili,20[l!]), a heated ktllt, othem a burning rted ("rub" else- whers); I. 14^, (M(S Chron. xxxt, IB; "pat,"Jab iH. » [la}; Paiu Ixxii, 6; " kettK" 1 8am. 11, 14), a laqe Mto- (alM> a "ba»ket")i 3. I-*, .li- (Jer. lil, Ifl. 19; Enk. xl, 8, 7, II, elsewhere "pot"), the moat B^Mfal tern for ■ keKia or lMain(al»a"tlKim"); 4. rni^, hiJtaiA'alk (1 Sam. 11, 14; MIc. iii, 3), a pan

9 CALDWELL

or pot C*o called from pouring) ; 6. \iffiK (i Mace, vi^ 8), a JkOU, in this case a lai^ caldron for torture. Metallic vessels of this description luve been obtained trom theniinsofE^ypt,andstill more lately two cop- par caldrons were discovered by Mr. I*y«d among the excavations at Nimrond (iV«. aitdBab. p. 149 sqS about 3} feet ia diameter, and S feet deep, reslin;; upon a stand of brick work, with their mouths closed by 1 irgo til», and containing a variety of smaller bronie otijecta. See Pot.

Caldwell, David, D.D., a Presbyterian minister, was bom In Lancanler county. Pa., March 2i, 1726, graduated at Princeton in 1761. and wsi licensed to preach by the Now Brunswick Presbytery in 176S. Being ordained In 17S.% he became pastor of tbe con- Kregatinns of Doir.lo and Alamance, N. C, In 1768. In 1776 be waa a member of tbe Convention which formed tbe State Constitution, and some yean later ha declined Iho oRcr of the presidency of tbe Dnl- vareityuf North Carolina, by wbkhinstitc'' '

nade D.D. i

1010. He died Aug. !6, I

n U*

fttjaae Caldra. Frsis the t^tHtin Hemslu

lOOtb year. — Sprsgue, A mmU, ii

Caldwall, Tamea. a Presbyterisn minister, wag born in Chsrlntte county, Va., 17S4, graduated at Princeton in 1769, and in 1761 was ordained pastor of tho PrcBliyleriim church of Eliiabeaitown, S. J. At tbe Revolution he entered with spirit into the con- troversy, and was soon branded as s rebel ; and on the formation of tbe Jersey brigade, be vis at once select- ed as its chaplain. Tbroagliout tho war be suAred severely; toward tho close of It, his church was bnmt and his wife murdered liy the enemy. The people r»- posod great conlidenoo In him, and his labors, counsels, and exhortations were of great assistance to tbe cause he had espi>Dsed. This honored patriot was killed in ]7H1, Dt Eliza hethpnrt. I y a drunken soldier named Moripui, who was tried, convicted, and bang upon the chiir,ni of murder. Caldwell was a man of unwearied activity and of wonderful powers at endurance. Aa a pnvcber he was nni;ommonly eloquent and (latbetlc. — Sprague, .4iMab, iii, 3K.

Caldwall, Joseph, D.D., a Presbyterian minis- ter, the aothor of a iS^pitest ^ c7«iiK>r)F and a TVaottM b/ Ftane Trigntunrtrliy, was bom in Lamington, N. J^ April 31. 1773, graduated at Princeton 1791, and be- came PmreSBiir at Mathematics at the Uiiiverntv of North Carolina in 1796, in which same year he' waa licensed as a Pretbylerian minister. Fmm'l804 till his dealh,Jan.!4, 1835, with an intermission of Hre years, he was Presiilcnt of the University, and to bis exer- tions it owes the respectable position which it no* oc- cupies.— Sprague, AiaidU,'\y, 173.

Caldwell, Mmtltt A.H., Protessor of Hetapbya. Ics, was born In Hebron, Me., Nov. 29, 1806. His early education, both religious and academical, was veiy carefully conducted, and ho (fraduated with hon- or at Bowdnin College in ir " became principal of the H Readfleld. In IP34 ho was elected rrofessor of Mathe- matics and Vice-presidrnt of Dickinson College, Pa. In 18S7 he was transferred to tbe chair of Metaphyslo and English Literature, which he occupied daring tha rest of his nfe. He soon became known as a strong thinker and excellent writer bv bis elaborate contribu- tions to the Mtlhodiit QuarieHg Rniea. Nor did his devotion to Uteratnre prevent him tmm taking an in- terest in the moral questions of the times; and in the cause of temperance especially his labors were abun- dantandeven excessive. In 1846 he visited England as a delegau to the "World's Convention." which formed the " Evangelical Alliance," and took an active part in its proceedings. His health, which had pre- vionsly been impaired, was apparently improved by his European tour, but In IMi it failed again, and he died June G. 184»<. Professor Csblv'-n was a man of uncommonly firm and mascnline character. As a pr^

CALDWELL 2

fttior and collega officer he hud fair snperion ; w a writer, b« wu tlwayB clear, luf(ic*l, nod forcible. Huif of his eontrlliutioDi to the periodic^ pma weie ufrartaxcellence. Hn Uto palMibia Manual o/ Sl- octtlioo, OKluding Voice and Galun (Ptiiia. IMS, IVmo, oftwi rvprinted), perh»p» the bert fasnil-bDok of the lub- iectexUDU—FUloK>pligo/aruliamPer/.ctiaH['biU. 1847. lemn), " a model of clear lhinkiii|( and Ibrcjl.le eufnsfion-.-'—ChritliaMflnledtgeminaaJ/.niS.-Y. 1852, ISma):— Tie Dodriwnflh: Aif/ZMA i >/* (1S87, Itmoi—Utrtodiit QKarbrig Bcniv, lUbi. p. bU.

CalAvrM, Zsnaa, brother of Merritt, » ■> Iwrn in Ileliron, Oxford coimty, He., on the Slpt «f llarcli, ]iWO, grjiduuted at Bowdoia College in IF24, and »ocin LtliT lesilnj collefre look churge of tbc Arademv of IlallDwrll. In IBio he was Ucensed a« a toekl prraclh er, and far moKt of the time of hia connertion with Ihe Hallowell Academy ha supplied the Uethodi-t ciin- grei^tioa in Winthrop. In the aame year ho vi« unaniniously elected principal of the new MetLodiFt SeminaT.v at Kent's Hill, Readflald, Me., and proved himaelf almndantly adequate to any nervice that de- vulveil opnn him. Rut bli ohoU work waa tobe pir- formed within fix month* ;ihii lunKs became oerioio'y aflected, and he dl3d triumphiintly on Dec. 9G, 183S. In 185& a small dundecimo rolame by the Rev. S. H . Vail, D.D., was jiubtished, cDnlaining a n.eaiolr and •cversl of his productions, in priise and poetry. — Sprague, AmnU, vli, 699 sq.

Ca'leb (Heh. AT.i&i', 3^^, appar. for 3???, a dog),

RAT.iH ; Meoeb^aubb.

1. (Sept. XaUli.) The lant-named of the three sons of Bezron„Judah'B Knndson (1 Chron. ii. S, where be ia called ChelubaO. Hia three sons by hia flrat wife, Azabah or Jerloth (q. v.), are enumerated (ver. 18); ha bad also anotber son, Hur, by a Uter wife, Ephrath (ver. 19; perh^aonly the oldest of several, ver. 60); beEiides whom Bnattier(hia " Rnt-bom"} ia named (ver. 42, by what wife is uneeruin), in addition lu several by his concubines Ephah and Muchah (var. 4R, 4S). B.C. post 1856. The text i* possibly comipt, howev- er, in some of these diatiDctlons.

2. (SepL XoXif?.) A "sonofHnr, Ihe first-born of Ephntab" above named (and therefore the |{n.nd»an of the preceding), according to 1 Chron. ij, 60, where his aona are enumerated. B.C. ante 1668. S however, have Identtliad him with the foregoing, poain,C a corruptian in the text.

3. (Sept. XAKii3, but XoXif) in 1 Chron. il, 49; Ec- clna. xlvi, 9; 1 Mace, ii, 56j v. r. XaXoi-j.^ In 1 xx;<,U:JosephiuXdXi^<H','<'>'-iii,14,4,olc.) UsuaBy called " the son of Jephnnneh" (Num. xiii, 6, and else- where [see JkpiidskbhJ), sometimes with the addition "ihe Keneiite" (Num. :ix^ii, IS; Jo*K xiv, 0, U\ from uhich some have hastily Inferred that he may have been a Ibrelgncr, and on]y pme'grtd to iuAtinn. See KeN.iX. Caleb ia first mentioned in tlie liet of the mlers or princes (K'bS). called in the next verse (D''^X^) " headis"one fhmi each tribe, who were sent to senrch tlie land of Canaan in the second year of the F.xode (B.C. I«57), where it may lie noted' that these officers are all different from those named in Num. i, ii, vi't. X, as at that time phylarcba of tho tribes. Ca- leb was one of these fsmilv chieftains in the tHI-e of .Indah, perhaps as chief of the family of the lleiron- ius,at the same time that N'ahshon, the son of Ammina- dab, wag prince of the whole tril>». He and Ophna ni Joshua, the son of Nun, were the only two of tbc whole number who, on their return from Canaan Ic Kadeah-Barnea, encourai^ed the people to enter tn l<old' ly la the land, and take pOFSei'sinn of it. for which aii of faithfulness tbey narrowly evaned utonlng at the bands of the infuriated people. In the pla^fne that rn- sned, wliile the other ten spies perished, Caleb anil Joshua alone were spared Horeover, while it wat

0 CALENDAR

announced to the congregation by Hoaea that, fbr this rebellious niur.nurin^, .11 that had been namber*d from twenty years old and upward, except Joataua and Cale^, should parish in the wildemeea, a special prom- ise waa made to Ihe latter that he should survive to ea- ter into the land which ha luul trodden upon, and that his seed should posseis il. Accordingly, forty-Evp years afterward (It.C. IGl:), nben some progrrm bad ■■sen made in the cnnHUot of the land, Caleh came lo Joshua and reminded bim of what had happened at Kadesh, and of the promise uhich Hoaes nude to him Kilh tn oath. He addoil that though he was now ei^hty-Ave years old (hence he was ijom B.C. Ifi9fl), he waa as strong as in the day when tlosea rent him to spy out the bnd, and he claimed possession of the land of Ihe An^kim, Kiijatb-Arlia. or Uet ron, and tht ndgbhoring bJII-coontry (Joeh. xiv). Ibis was im- mediately granted lo him, and the foUowing chapter rrlates that he took possession of Heliron, driving out the three aons of Anak ; that ha offered Achsah, his dau htiT,inmBrTiage(romp.lSam.ivii,S6; Hvgin, /"oi. 07) to whoevpT would take Kir^th-Sepher, i. c. Debir; and that when Othniel, hia younger tirotber, had performed the feat, he not only gave bim his daughter to wife, but with her the npper and Detbrr springt of water wbieb she ashed fi>r. After this we hear no tnore of Caleb, nor is the t^me of his death re- corded. But we learn frrm Josh. xxi. lit, that, in the diMrlbntion of cities out of Ihe different Iribea for thr priests and Levitea to dwell in, Hebron fell to the priests, the children of Aamn, of the ft-mily of the Ko- hathites, and was also a city of rehigr, while the anr- rounding territory continued to be tlie pMsesiuon nf Caleb, at least aa late aa the time of David (1 Sam. XXV, 8). being still called by his name (I Sam. xxx. 14\ Hia descendanU are called CaUMeM ('3^3 for ■aVs, Kalitbi', 1 Sam. ixv, 3 ; Sept. trantlatea as if a paronomasia were Intended, mvicdc, Aath. Ven>. " bouw of Caleb"}. Hia name seems to be inserlnl in 1 Chron. ii, 49, by way of distinction from the oth- ers in the same list. Sec Ewald, /<r. Cesnt. ii, ii6 tq.

Cft'Ieb-eph'ratah, a name occurring only in the present text of 1 Chron. ii.24,aBthat of a place where Heiron died (ITT^BK aV:^, fte-A'oM' Efkra'ik'A, in CatA lo EpknUh). But no SDch place ia elewheie referred In, and the composition of (he name ia a most ungrammatical one. Again, neither Hetron or his •on could well have given any name to a place in Egypt, the Lnil of their bandage, nor did Heiron prob- ably die, ur his son live, elsewhere than in Eg}- pt. The presentlextth?refareieems to be corrupt, and tin read- ing which the Sept. and Vulg. suggest (,!,^iiv XoXi.ri hV 'BftioSn, MtjTfsnu ttl Ciii'h ad Frkiivkt') is proii- ahly the tme one, via., nr^BX SS= X3. nieening either "Caleb came to Ephrath," i e. Itethlehem- Ephratah), or. elill better, " Caleb came in onto Eph- rah." Tho whole information i^ven seems to be that Heamn had two wives, the first. whoH name is not given, the mother of Jerabmeel, Ram, and Caleb or Chelti1)ai; the aecond, Abiah, the daughter of Hacbir, whom he married when sixty years old. and who Ian- him Seguband Ashnr. Also that Caleb had two wives, Asuhah, the firri, apparently the same aa Joriotfa, and Ephrab, the second, the mother of Hnr; and that this second marriage of Caleb did not take place till aflf r lleimn'sdcath. See Nkokb-Calkk

Calendar, Jkwibh. J. JftArfv /.vnot- Cabwkt n/ffoili ami Failt.—Ttie year of tbe Hebrews is com- poeed of twplve (and occasionally of thirteen) larur months, of thirty and twenty-nine days alternately. The year liegins in autumn as to the civil year, and in the -prin'-- as to the sacred year. The Jew» had al- endars anciently wherein were noted all the feasbi, all the fasts, and all the days on which Ihcy celebrated the memorj- of any great event that had lu|)pencd to

CALENDAR

21

dM Mlictt <Z«fa. vilt, 19; E«tb. Tui, fl, In Gntc.). nut uricnt ulemLin are MirDStitnra qaaud in tin TtlBud ()ti*bn«, Tuaitilk, 8), but tha rmblilni uknowl- (dga that tbej >n not now in txing (ms Humonldea Md Butaoora, in loc.)- Tfaoae that tra biv« now, •kMhar |Bintad or In uumnacript, aie nut vary ancienl (■• tiotdnr. Bibliol. Kabihie. p. St9 1 Buxtorf, letit. Tdtmi ^ 1046; Butolorci, Bibl. Rabbmic. ii, G&O; Uar'f liitfodartUm la tkt Seriplart; and Tlaiibiv. /an- ^ ioMb. ad An.). Thi-t which piaaea for tha old- ■1 k llrgiBak Taamlk, "the voluma of affliction," •kkh omlaiDa tba daja of fea«ting and <aating here- Idbn is UK anton); the Jewp, which are not now al Krrad, » are thp; hi tba common calendan. W kn inwrt tb« chief hiatnricl event), t^lten as wal bia thb vdnme, Taau'lk, aa rrum othtr calsndafi Iha Jewiah moDtha, however, luve been jilaced on lauciBn latrr ttuo tb« rabbinical compariaon of them ■ilh Iba madem or Jnlian nicmtba, In Hccordanco with the eaaclnaiaiia of J. D. UicbaelU, In bia treatita |)ub- bikad hj tha Boyal Soc. of GOttinKcn. See Moktu. Fir tba detaJLi, compare each month In it« [ilpha)>etic<i1 lilwx. S« alwi CfiMea BiUtra, vol. Iv, and the fol- iMriBgfcnnal trMtlaea: Cltaitr, Dt fortta toad Ho- ' 'a(ViteM71b-); DntAt, Amuu Jwlaietu V.K): Fiacher,CeinH»/rBSn»r.(Viteh.IT10)i tUMuao, De emU Jadxarva dU (t.ipa. i;03); KUu- ■iag,/>f/nM ammi palriarekanm (Viteh. 1716) j RO- Kbd. id. (Vitab. 1K>?); Ijinibanacn, Dt meme rrtl. BA la*ari (Jan. i;i3) j I.aml, De witmaut BArttor. lAhOK lliH): N>t(el< ^ Cufeadn'M (v«. HthTaor. lAhrf. 1746); Seldcn, At attiu n'n/i /Tcimn'. (Unil. 1(M) : Sommal, Dr and IIAraoT. teeirt. H dv. (I.ond. rtn); Strurh, Dr m o Bibmor. tecUmttleo (Vll*h. 1(S>) : Voa Uompach, (Trkn- dm aO. Jidim*. Katauk} (Bnbatl, 1S«8). Sea Tixe.

ABIB <v MSAN. n>;(n( aM -rk a' Uo awxid rw, Ui i ■I fmr: it ku Otirtu iigr, Bad onwi

atOia Bi« far Lka PhaWllw.

CALENDAR

The leniod PaaBTer, In tlTor ef tbiva who cou ■brat* the llrHi, on iha 15ih ot the fnragalBa; m A feaat (or the uklng ol the dtr of Gasa bf

i€«li»u.(Catom(, Scallg.; 1 »f--- - "' " ' ' IheuklngaDd purlflulloa of II br the Hwxabeai (i/aJwolr-

nllw out of Jar— — •-^- n ( Vi7. r-amll

ar of S^onlui

4^44); or

blM iiroilL The I n.-A foM ^ IHa 1

E hyinoi

bi.'A ttvfl moMh; tfdrty tfi;

Fwul nf Wsakis bi

of the pmhlMtkiB by Jeri JO, fu bWdinp thein lo i

Uioflhenbbllu iwon, ton nf Cim'^liHl [•hioael. «m ttf Ellahii; and aalna, the high.prlwt'i ilcpaly.

fiior of the Jen br Aleiaii4cr the Creal egaiBit , IihiDnclliiH, -hn. br rlniit M their Unhrlght, LLbtohiapoMeft^onoftheSDdufOauq; agabiitttba

I aiiaiDrt Ih* Kgypltan", who demandjid

mlion of tha chlMnn "f Jethodl, nf Ih* .ho, ■(>«■ lh> redim from the captlrtlr.

iif tha Aaddur4«s en

CALENDAR

ELUU

KlUulK; bututh

.fAl«

mlihl lun been defernd to the

frl^iog {M'-mLnaiuU,; S«ii

1T.-A(uihr the duih of the >]

report <if the lnodof prHuir«(Ni- — _ , _. .

A fefui Ed nraembrBUfi ot the eipuL-loD of mam [rmther the Greekc]. who irould hiie on ■he Hnbrew" from dimtjIih), u duiihtere of lanet. When Ihej inwnaeu v lur *lv> lence tonrd Judtlb. the only duichtor nC tlutuhlu, he, irllb the ee>i>wnt« of hta eons orereene them, ■nd

the Br* of the >1ur o

■rb* mlntned thus by puUIng Ihrni to deelh ; for then Jiidnm wu [D the nuMulm el Ihe Oenlllv. ThFy ■!- ■owed thv* irtcked IuwIIih thne ' . . -

u they ihowed do •Ieu of repent

(From the heKhming to the enf nrnet !b FDunded to went «f the e j«r.J BeeYtAii.

ETUAMM « TISRI. TAi termlh Ktrrd, Jlrtl eMI manU ,-

1, n.

S.— Futtor the death of Gedelbib (1 ElDgi : ilLI).

The Hme dir, the ebdltka of <rritl( The irleked Hnge hutlnf furUdden Uie

to liberty Ihs A«iwinMn» or Mimnbre< ordejoed f--

Dili menner: "In lurh • ye.ir of the Illgh-prlMt

JihIk» la vhom lh<v« vrlllng' wen pnvenlsA deer

■ day, aiKh ■ debtor ehrdl pay lucb e budIi eocord la hii ptohl-a, alter which the Hhedule shall be tor Bui It n* fbund tliat the name of Ood was taken a< oul af the wriilnir, ud thita (be whole became dm ■nd IneAHliial ; lor which naroD th«y aboUabed the>4 written cnnuracla, and appolnled a fMlTal daj memory of U {Miaill. 'jWd'A, c I).

e,— Tlie death of twenty IiraelliH. KabU Aklba,toii Joaeph, dlea In priun.

T AfaitoD account of Ihe wonhlpphiE the goMen e

■t c^TaberoacleAi with itM octare (Lev. axUI, 9 revenlh day of tbe Feaii of

flnt-friilta (Lev the altar, but to	ulll, 17. 18) were not u be nflhi be eaten hot {MrgiU. Tbm. e. S).
	UHlSLItU.
mnmiti tarril.	Mnf cfti«I vumlh; thirty doBt!
lay L -New mooa, or the flrsi day afthe month. S.-A leait In nionury of the [dnU which the Armoi threw oul of the coutv, where Ihe OeniUei had IhemiJfBrfU. ■ramUI.X •.—A fail In nenioyct theboakofJemnlab, tor

the Teniple ol Jeniialfoi, and to aeli them a pan i4 MouDl Uortah, which trtiuert Akiaudar BTanleJ. But the high'prlbit of Iho Jewa afterward prerenllniE hhii.

eDtrvalod lilD iw< io iiineT llie Bamarttanft to deftn-y Ihe Temple. ThpklnRrtplM tohhu thai be ddheied

llaDU of JeniHlna took the SamirllaBr, bored a hole thnuEh Ihoir heeU. ■di>, tylni; tbrm to Iheir hanni' talhs dragped Uiem alceu la Mount Gerlibn, which llwy plaoKbed and sowed with Wro., Jiwl as the !isnur4tsn> '^ If Temple of Jtnmlnn. In

to.— The dedlcallou ot

.1 they hutiluled Ifals h In iCaltadar lU

newing of ILe Temple, piofuwd ' omer or Aniiocniu tpl^nDea, and purlflvd by Ju- IS Hacralvni (1 Here. Iv, et ; > Hi.cc. IL, !•: John tli. Thit foMl Is kept with Its orlale. Jorephua

thai a Irn tlM y we:e «nploy«t tn deantint; theTmiple, aflrr II had been profaned by Ihe Oreeka, they IoudA Ihera only one small phlal of all, naled up by tbe hl|;h. p-4e«l, which would hardly aufflee Io kwp In Ihe IsniH hi mndiaanHnlitM: bHlOodpermllledtballlfhouUlast Hveral dayo. iVll lliey bad time In make n»n, In mem. cry of which the Jews ItRhled up >erenil Ismpa In Ibelr

S8n,S?S n-'I.Hb.lll.ttp.lII.) Ulhers affirm (as thr >e/i»'ii>(inil»'i'iirT', alMThcaiaa Acjulnsa and Cardt

Feast r?I.I||hls was s memorial of lliat lie fnni hnv-

T™

lib. Ill, cup. ia.1 But it le doubled whether this oii«1it to be iiiHJsrrlaod of Judith, dau|[hter of Iterarl, who killed tMofemea, or of another Judith, daairhur of

Nlcanor, SB Ihcy tell at, (See Gani. Zmiaeh Daritl; MlUenir. 4, an. 6il. el spud Mc'en, Dr SvanlTil'. lib. ill. cap. 1^ n. 11.) Thh- larl Jitriith b known only In

In the Haccabeea ar In Jeeephua, But lliere l> great liki-llhoDd that Ihe Jewa have eliered the lirMkhlMory of Judith laplareHIn the time of Judae Ma«*l*Da. A prayer for nia. TInw of aowlng hi giaB In Jiidwa.

faned by the fJroek",

Msrzzz

mptiniy.

II y tThnrtdayT], end the B lOiInuIiir, ed. fiaito- •toDM of the altar, Ino-

I: W-T/f U. Ihnn. c SI.

dayawereovan;

■/J*«iAinorFi™trAa

er Jannrna. Rabbi W

	r..!. wl», flylBB
	n«-,ki0BrflhB
Im, mini toBJ Um rttj ttt Kmn]L	IB A'«bi.; bill.
^— A (not Ib nemotr of the nJn obfail

Vh the dM^ 1i« Dd

(ke r-I. wliir at Slgnlui wiu ll

IS.— A liul In eoaiDwDHinllnB of ,

WT vWrt iIh Ubk> o< Orwre h>d forMiMni

u lion the SM.

r*.i^r. Bee Ywam.

It. MaJim JiAm CiJntdar of lit Trmpotitm rmd AfiaJtmral Prodrndi i^PataHimt/or rarik jVdMA of lie rw.— TbaM w«n flnt cwefully eallected by J. G. Babh, In a pri» WMy praMntod to tbe Royal Society •f G<UtlD|{aii, prtntad Id Latin smoui; ttaeli tnnuc- lieu Dnder tin title CiJrMkirriim Paktiiitm O'.eamomi- no (1:85), ud tnuUted at la^a by Hr. Taylor ir tti Fro^mealt aild«d to bii •diUon DrCaimet't Dicttim- Tjl^tSS tq.), ef whidi the inbfaiiMd «3tH>p*i> is an UvidKOMOt. MiuJi Tiltubla UbniMtioB, nlmilarly ■Maiaed fnm Orientil itinenriea, combiDed with per- !ifi[ "rldlps rui

JANUARY.

mun uTltw Hiere Id dlfTenol xUiiatloDh '^'tIiwii ^ fie- r1Li«wJvad In matt pLacH. In tlie plain of Jwicho th* ctdd

(e thdrjouriMy. Tbt wind iigtnflnily Donb or «■«(. Pn^aetiow.^^'n kindt of grain or com iire now lunriL L« benDt are In bloovpni, Hnd Ireei in leaf. I^Tiiefitappaani » blcMoni of the ■Imond tiere, even before It hu leavaw If

earlyLi th

"l b Tt^l fuu^d c

Br flu, and ^tiiered early In th* Kprlng,

lei, thriviA they an rUimi of ibelr leaves. Tbe mlillf- - m Houriah. AlDong the floren* ■«!

Ide. Itarley contLuai K> be tnwa UU Ibe middle el tbe

1 paranlpfl an nvw f(atbarad ; the piaeh and early

, whirh, Hyn a InTelieT, ^^reDdar these parts f ..,.. ...,>.... A._ ... — . .| maapertadat

or ipell, and barley, BOT ripen {Kono"" RWw.p.lSI: /Viin. HiT-K'iim. p, 99'. The upHnpi Hr Ir •Illl bard <Flhaii, p, tW). The almnd and oraiv« treea aar pmdiii [niil (Uaundrall, p. ll»>.andlhe<eTiiMnib.t'w<"aHit,''i:eMl f/fnvb>'. n Sl> la in Mnawm (8aikdy>v p. 1781. A Bcv ihoot. hearinc fralt, •prlnn frntn thai hranrh of the Tine that van left In the fhrmermiMllli, vhlrh imirt no. be lopped (Brsoard, /M t-ijil. T. .V. p, tsai. Syria and tWerflne proJn™ canw frtra whirh they obuln aii- "■ ■ iWdMi, //KTwo^tfm. TOffrt/oArf, pk «,

CALENDAR

In tfas large edition! of tha Pnjai-book, coniUu of nina coIuiddi : the fir«t conUIni tb« golden naitibfT or cycle of tbo moon ; tha nacDnil afaDHi tba diiri of the

Doininiul or Sundir letter; tha fourth the ealends, nouBB, and itlee (thb whs the Banuin method of com- potation, and wis utod by tha early Chriatiani) i the fifth containa tha lioly diiya of the Church, ■■ alao aome fentlvjls oT the Boinish Cburcb, aet down for

renulnln^ four conlun the portiuna of Scripture and of the Apocrypha appointed for tha daily learana.

The lilt at uinta' duyaand feslivil* iticludaa a num- ber ofthe RoDiUh boliday^ properly » called, vii. : l.u- cian, priest and martyr, Jan. 8 ; Hilary, bishop and con- fteeor, Jan. 13; Priaci, virgin and martyr, Jan. 18; FBhian,biKhDpand martyr, Jan. JO; Agnm,rirgiD aod martyr, Jan. *^1 ; Vincent, deacon and martyr, Jan. S3; Bloaiuii, bishop and martyr, Feb. S; Agatha, vir- gin and martyr, Feb. G ; Valentino, bfahop and martyr, Feb. 14; Djrld, tutelar aalnt at Wales, March 1; Cedde or Chad, Ushop, Marcii !; rarpetua, martyr, Uarch 7; Gregory, bishop and confessor, March 1!; Patrick, tntelur saint ot Ireland, March 17 ; Edward, king otthe West Suxons, Klarch IB; Benedict, abLot, March 21; Bicbard, bishop, ApHl S; Ambrose, Uth- op, April i; Alphage, arcbblshop, April 19; G«or|(e, saint and martyr, Afvil 23; Onus, Invention of. May S; John, Hint, erangrlirt. May 6; Uuntton, arch- bishop, May 19; Augustine, arcbblshop, May !6 ; Bade, veneral.le, May XT ; Nicmnede, martyr, Jana 1 ; Boniface, bishop and martyr, June fi; Alban, saint and martyr, June 17 ; Edward, translation of, June 20; Mary, ViT)(in, visitation or,July2i Martin, bish- op and confessor, July 4; Swithln, biibop, July 15; Margaret, virgin and martyr, July SO; Magdalene, aaint Mary. July 22; Anne, saint, July 23; Ummss Day, Aug. t ; I'runsll^'u ration of our Lord, Au|r. 6 ; Jesus, nsn.e of. Auit. 7; I.aurence, archdeacon and toartvr, Aug. 10; Augustine, bishop of Hippo, Aug. S9; John Baptist, beheudlng of, Ang. 29; Giles, abbot and confrssur, Sept. I; Enurchus, Irishop, Sept. 7; Mary, Virgin, nativity of, Sept. S; Holy Cross, recov- ery of, Sept. H; Lambert, bishop and martyr. Sept 17; Cyprian, archbishop end martyr, Sept. £6 ; Je- rome, priest and conhssor, Sept. 00; Remlgios, bish- op, Oct. 1 ; Faith, virgin end martyr, Oct. 6; Denys, bishop and martyr, Oct. 9; Edward, transladan of, Oct, 13 ; Ethelreda, virijin, Oct. 17 ; Crispin, saint snd Diaityr, Oct. 25; Leonard, confessor, Nor. fi; Martin, bishop and confesfor, Nov. II ; Britins, bishop, Kov. 13; Hachutus. Mahop, Nor. 15; Hugh, bishop, Kov. 17; Edmund, king and martyr, Nov. 20; Cecilia, vir- trinandmartyr, Nov. 22; Clement I. bishop and mar- tyr, Kov. 23; Cathaiine, virgin and mar^r, Nov. 25; Nkrholaa, bishop, Dec. «; l.ncj-, virgin and martyr, Dec. 13; OSapienlia,Dec. 16; Silvester, Mshop, Dec.

These are omitted in the calendar of the rroles- lint Episcopal Church, which reuins only the scrip- tural festivals. Wheally assigns the following r— sons for their retention by the English Church ;

"Some otthem 1«lng retained upon acroonl of i courts of Justice, which usually make their returns these davs, or else upon the days before or alter th) which are called in the writs I'/flif. Fttt. or CraH., as in I^tf- Martin, Fttt. MaHia. CraH. ifaitin. an" like. Others are proliably kept in the calendar for the sake of such tradesmen, handicraftsmen, and othen,

saints, as (he Welshmen do of St. David, the shoe- makers of St. Crisping etc. And oiialn, churches being in several places dcdicntcd to some or other of these ■alnts, it has been the usual custom in such places to have wakes or fairs kept u|ion those days, so that the people would proliably be displeased if, either in this or the former case, their favorite saint's name should

26 CALF

be left ont of the calendar. Besides, tba histories which were writ before the Befurmition do frequentljr speflk of transactions happening upon such a holy dav, or about such a time, without mentioning the month ; relating one tiling to lie dune at Ijmniar-lide. and an- other about Martinmaa, etc., so th.t, were these namea quite Ifft out of the coienddr, we might be at a li«s to know when several of these transactions happened. But for this and the foregoing reatons our second re- formers under queen Eliubeth (though all those dava had Ikcen omitted In l»lh books of kin^ Edward \I, excepting St. George's Day, Lammas Dav, St. Uu. rence, and St. Clement, which were in his secund book) thought convenient to restore the nsmes otthem to the calendar, though not with any regard of their being kept holy by tiu Church." —Wheally, O* Cnrnmom f™j«r,ch.i; Procter, On Ctmasina iVnfrr, 62; Piper, in [Ienog'sAM{-£iH3Fjt{ifNl<iie,vii. 232; Coleman, J«- citnl CAriiliiaiitf, ch uvi, g 5 ; ChrMai finsentiraii. or, xl, 891.

Calendammrestnni.rtnst'/rteCalrwfs. Thta heathen (bstiTal *raa retained by many Christian*, ai>d ia called bvia and vota. It was in some periods cclo- brated, with great indecencies, underthe names,f<'Am

In later times, tbe people met masked in tbn churchns, and, in a ladlcrons way, proceeded to the election ot a mock blahop, who exercised a juriadicdon over them suited to the festivity of the occasion. Fatbcn and councils long laliored'to rerlrain this license, liut to lit- tle purpose. Tertullian, Chiysoslom, and Augustiua declaim, in the alrontcest terms, against this festival ; and the Council in Trullo, A.l). 692, toridd* tbe dancings which were used both by men and women, under the penalty of excnmmunicBthin. In aome iit- stances the practice of sacriflcing a calf wa« adopted, especially at tba bala, a feast of the god I'nn. Tha Council of AunTTeUkes notice of the remans of some heathen snperatltion in France, in eltering a bind c« calf; which It designates a diaboUcal observation. — Bingham, Orig. Eccl. bk. xx ; Farrar, Ecd. Diet. s. v.

Calendfirum Frfttrei, or CilrnAir Brethm, a so- ciety formerly rpreadover France, Germany, and Hun- gary, and whicli is said to have originated in Saxony in the Ihirteenlb ccntiuy. It awiembled in varioua places on the flrat day of each month to regulate the observDnce of the ensuing festivals, tbe distrilintion of alms, davs of fisting, tlie burial of tho dead, etc. It was, in fact, a sort of beneficial society, nuder tbe pilmnage of the bishnp of the diocese. It afterward led to abufes, carousals, etc., and most ot the socletiea were aliolished at tbo Reformation. Some, howei'er, were still In existence at the bc.-inning ot the nine- teenth century. Even in the Protestant city of Bruns- wick a "caland " has nominally muiouined itself. One caland {'Iho caland ot princes at Kabia") connated merely of members of princely houses ; several (as, e. g. (he caland at Bergen) of knights and members of the higher cler.-yi others ot knights only. Sea Feller, Ditt. dt Fratr. Kid. (Frankt. 1692, *\a); Blumberg, Vrbrr d. CahauU/radT (Chemn. 1721); Ledebnr, in vol. iv of tha MarlMria ForKhnnfffii (Beri. 1850).

Calf (prop. i>a~. ''g^ iii<nc«s; (""■ rt^^^t -a*"*'.

iri/iaXrc; sometimes ifl or iB,par, a Jteo- or young bullock: alsoperiphrastically^^ai?."*?/'*'*'^. tha young of the ox species. See BebvB ; BnLi^ etc. There is frequent mention in Scripture ot calves, be- cause thev were made use of commonly in sacrilicep. The "fal'ted calf was regarded lij the Hebrews as the choicest animal food. It was stall-tod, (h'quenUy with special reference (fl a particular festival or orti», ordinary sacrilice (1 Sam. nxviii, 24; Amos vi, 4: Luke XV, 23). Tha I "" '" '"

nant, in the obHrrance of which an animal w

_H io be ao divided tberoaelna If tbey failed 1« p«r- briB tbnr corcDUit (Gtn. X7, 9, ID. 17, 18). Tha etpnnon " calrcs of oar lip*," in Hoa. xjv, 2, is %aruire, agaitjiog tha riuiu at our lip> (Wolf, Jtttmi btUoTum, Titeb. 1711). Aa cxIto were ■■fd in aKTiGces, tba injunction nquirei us to ren- te tbe BuriSee of prayar and pniie lo God, initead pt ib« uiiaul tmailkn (Hab. xiii, lli). Compaia

C*U'-n'o>BHip.— This appMis to h>Te origtnit«d b Egfpt, where we koow that brntea of aBdri;f all •KU wen held In Tevennee by lonie one or another «( the Tiiknu Domca Into which that coontr; was di- Tijad. See AnatAi, WoBSBir. Of all theao cnu- MR*, however, the calf, or ratber bullock, socms to Ibt* been moat geneniUj adored, especLillf a peculiar dncnptioD, ct rather pecnliarlj-colored bull. Id which, nadcr the Dame of Apu or Mneris, dlvlaA honors of tbc meat extraordiDuy kind were p;iid thronghonC EfTfL It ii (rem Ihls'form of idolatry thit the wrip. trnl examples of calf-war«hip aro ctosrly derived. Tet it ii pouible that the commentalon arenotqnite (KTtct in tappoaing Apit to be the deity whoae wor- ihip was imitated bjr the Jews, at leut In the firat iu- «»B». The Egyptiiiui gave that name to a living bull which thej wonbipped at Memphis; Int the; lb) wonhipped another living bull in the clt; of On, IT Utliopalil, which they called Jfiir, or, atmrdlnK to tbt Grerk form, Mnni, and which they adored as the UriiiE emblem of the sun. Now the Israeliles, from I 'their living in the Isind of Gosben, '

ch Heliopolis was lituated. and also from .

) of JoMph, the bead of thrir nadon, vilh one of the prietlly families of that city, mnst have I been well acquainted with its peculiar fonns of idols- I try. It is slao very probable that many of tbem had I ieiard in those rites daring their sojourn. We might UertfbCB nalunlly suppuee that they would adopt them j m tha occaaioo i and the iuppoaitlon that Ikey did i>o i* conArmed by a very curioui Act, which hai not yet been noticed, ai bsahag npon thit qoostion. ChampdlioD ku obaerred, in hii AmAlwn J^Sjitins, that HKvis b said by Porphyr}- and HuUrch Is have been a Uact bn)I, aa A{da nnquea- CieBably was; bat he assures us that thb iiBDi the case with regard to (he existing nnaina of aacitnt E«}-pt; for, altbongh mtbeEo'ptianpaintininApislseithercoI- . HHl black or black and white, Mnevis, on I Ike omlrary, in the only flgure of him ' lulhcito dtHovered, b colored iriglU jd- W, evidently with the intention of re{v«. Meting a ^lUcaisu^. This bet,'' not a concluiive proof, aflbnls a

? CALF

pmnniption that the golden calf was made accord ing to the usual furni and color of the images of Moe- via. The annexed «n,(rkVinK rtpresenbi thb tym- bolical deity of Holiopolb bb he is painted on tha cof- fin of a mummy at 'i'urin, the Diime being dbtinctly written in hieioglyphical charactrrs, Mne, without the Greek termination. It diffen in coior Doiy, and not in form, from another painting on the same ci.ffin, which bean the name of Apis. Both hove the lamu trappings— the suo'i di>k between the bomf, sur- mounted by the plume of ostrich fei.thera, signifying justice, and the whip, the emblem of power; and both lire accompanied bv tha leipcDt, representing the inir- it of the gods. Ihe bull UnevU or Mne_for p> \n merely a Greek term] nalior— was Bumpluously lod^^ in Ihe city On cr Hclii polb, and Ibb is all that we (ind reccrdcdof him In cncienl writen. Far more an- cient than A)Hf, the era of hit consccratirn b lost.ar.d perhaps forever. The rnly circumatance which b of importancf, *t,vc that the Irnelites fell into bis wcr- (hip, is that he appears lo have rcprCHnted the lodiacal sign which was depicted yellow, while, ly a rurloo* EnomBlyiApb, whose Ltlribiites sil coincide with t^o»e cf the sun, was black. Ite wotiblp paid to him, though lasting till the downfall of the Fpyplbn bie- raicliy, Rra>li<ally <liminished before Ihe more impnrlanC and ^>!uilar riles of A|.is, and lilUa b aaid of Uitevb,

Sec ICMLATBT.

1. The most ancient End remarkable notice in the Scripture* on thb head is that of tbe Folden caifuhich was cart \.j Aaron while the Israelites were encamped at the foot of Sinai. In Eiod. xxxii, 4, we are told that Aaron, constrained by the penple, in the absence of Moses, made a molten calf of Ihe golden ear-rings of ibe people, to represent the Elchim which I ronght Israel out of Egypt. He b also said to have "finished It with a graving-tooi ;'■ but the word C^n, the'nl, may mean a mould (comp. S Kings v, SB, Auth. Vera. "bags;" Sept. duXanoii-). BocbaH {Hitrot. lib. li, cap. xxxlv) explains It to mean, "he placed the esr^

IrJ

Unuue Figure g(Apl>. t. The llarki on hia Buk.

rings In a bag," as Gideon did (Judg. tUI, M). Probably, however, it means tbst, after the calf had been cast, Aaron ornamented it with the sculptured wings, feathers, n " ' . . ■ .

ear-rings would hove provided the i tity of gold required for a inlid figure. More prob ably it was a wooden figure laminated with gold, a process which <s known to have existed In E^'pt. " A gililnl o^ covered with a pall" was an emUem of Osiris (WilkineoD, iv, S3G). See Gold.

* To punish the apostasy. Moms burnt the calf, and then, grinding it to powder, scattered it over the water, where, accordini to Fome, it produced in the drinkers elects similsr to the wster of jealousy (Num. v). He probal ly adopted this conrse aa the deadliest and mnst Irreparable blow

; to their supenitition (Jerome, Kp. 128; Plot. Be /a. p. GS3), or as an alleg< rical act (Job xv, 16),

CALF a

et villi nfennee to an EgjipluTi englinn (Herod, il, 41 ; Pull ^fjupsi, In loc.). It bu alwiiya been a dlfflcultj to explain thtprocett which he used; Hme account for tt b]' Ikla anppOHid knomledge v( a Turgut- ten art (luch aa was one of the boaata of alcbeiuy) hv wblch be couid rednca gold to dniL. Uoguet ' {Or-'gate da Lou) invuket tha aaalataai;e of natrun, wbirb would have had the additional advantage nf making Ibe dnngbt D*ua«)DB. Baumf^aiten easllr endows tbe Are employed with miraculoui propertiea. \ Bochart and KoseamQller merely (blnk that he cut, Itraund, and filed the gold to powder, ancb aa wu nsed to sprinkle over the hair (Joaepbua. Ant. vlil, T, 8). There seemB little doubt that the Hell, term here ren- dered "burnt" (^^U, Sept. xaTOtaiui) praperiy haa tbia aigaification (Hlvamick's Introd. to Ihe FtnUH. p. 292). Thoae commentalurs who have been at ao great pains to explain Id what manner Hoses reduced Ibe Koldeo cair to auch a atate aa to make it potable In wa-

the science of making gold leaf for gilding was already practised in EtO'P^ tbere could bi no great difficulty, even if chemical proceasca had not then been discover- ed, In effecting the object. Sea Mgtal.

The legends abont the calf are nnmeTDus. Tbe luggestlon is said by the Jevi to have originated with certain Egyptian prooeiytea (Godwyn'a Mot. and Aar, tv, 6) ; Hut, "the desert's martyr," was killed for op- posing it; Abulfeda says that all except 12,000 wor- shipped it; when made, it waa magically anliDated (Exod. iiiii, 24). ■' Tbe devil," says Jonathan, " i^-ot Into Ibe meul and fashioned it into a calf" (Liirhtfoot, Workt, V, 898). Ueoco the Koran (vli, 146) calls it "a corporeal calf, made of their omamenia, vhirh lotmt," Ibia waa elTected, not by Aaron (according lo the Uo- hammedans), but by al-Sameri, a chief Israelite, whose descendants still inhabit an island of the Arabian Gulf. He took a handful of dust from tbe footsteps ot the horse of Gabriel, who lode at tbe bead of tbe boat, and threw it into tbe month of the c«If, which Immediately began to low. No one ia to be punished In hell more than forty days, being the number of days of tbe calf-worship (Sale's Koran, ed. Davenport, p. 7, note; and *ee Weil's Legtndi, p. 123). It was a Jewish proverb that " no punishment befalletb tbe fa- raelites in which there Is not an ounce of this calf" (Godwj'n, w ivp.). See Aaron.

2. The next notice refers to an event which occur. red ages after, wben Jeroboam, king of Israel, return- ing from his long exile In Fgypt, set up two Idols In tbe form of a calf, the one in Dan (comp. Josepbus, War, iv, i, 1) and the other in Bethel, the two ex-

rvsorting lo Jerusalem to worship, and so more elTect- nally to separate them Tiom tbe bouse of Uavld. Tem- ples were built and altan erected for thew Images; priest* were appointed from all tbe tribes without dis- tinction, and Ibo priestly functions performed even by the monarch himself. The calves continued to he a snare lo the people of Israel until the captivity. The calf at Dan was carried away by Tlglath-t^leser, and that of Belhcl ten yeara after by his son Shalraaneaer (1 Kings XI, 29; xvii, 13; Prideaux, Comtctim, i, l.'i). Jeroboam's sin is always mentioned whenever his name is used (1 Kin^B xi, 40; xii, 26-83; !Cbron. xi, 1&; Has. viii, b, 6; x, 5; xili, 2). See Jebo-

Bochart thinks that the ridiculous story of Crlsns about the Cbristian worship of an ass-hnuled deity (called Bapa0aii8 q 'Oi'i^*— a sinry at the aource of which Tertnllian. 'Ovoeoinjc, Ajyil. 1«; Ad Xnl. i, U. could only guc's) sprang from some mlsondertlandlng ofiuch emblems as the golden calf (MInuc, Fv\. Ap'it. ix). But it Is much more probable, as Origvn conjec- tured, that tbe Christians wers confounded with the absurd mysUc Opiuam, or Ophite Gnostics i^Tacitus,

8 CALF

Bui. T, 4; Herivale, BUl, vf Evtp. vi, M). Bot

Theory of Hit Idabary.—Thia almost tncomprehensi- ble dcgradalion of bunun reason was, more particularly in the first instiince, nndonbtthe result of the delnsinif inflnences which operated on the minds of tbe Israel- itea during their so>>um in Egypt, where, amid the d.illy practice of Ihe moat degrading and revolting re- " ' ceremonies, they were accustomed to see tbe if a sacred calf, aornunded by cither symbols, carried In solemn pomp at tbe bead of marching armies, such aa may still be seen defdcted In llie prooeaaions of Eameses llie Great oi Scaostrls. Tbe accompaay-

Anehnl l':CTI'Uin Udf-IdoL Ingflgttre is arepresenlBtionof a calf-idol, copied fhnn the ori,jInal collection made by the artists of the French Institute of Cairo. It Is recumbent, with hn- man eyes, the skin flesh-colored, and tbe whole after- parta covered with a white and sky-blue diapered dra- pery; the horns are not on tbe bead, but above It, and contain within them the symbolical globe sarmonnted by two feathers. Upon the neck is a blus and yellow yoke, and the Hagellam, of various colors, is suspend- ed over the back; the whole is fixed upon a broad stand fbr carrying, as here shown. Tbe rendering of the Aath. Vers., which alludea to the Image being fln- isbed with a gravlng-tool. Is obviously correct, for all tbe lines and toolings of tbe covering cloth, of tbe eyes, and of the feathers most have required that man- ual operation (Exod. xxxii, 4). It Is dnnl>tful wheth- er this idolatrous form is either Apia or Mnevis; it may

it the SI

's first e

probably, be a symbol known to the Egyp> tians by an undedphered designation, and certainly ondentood by tbe Edomites of later ages, who called it bakaud and khantf, or tbe calf, tbe mysterious oii- na miiwli; according lo Von Hammer (Pref. to A^ ciml^/piaifUXtbeNabalhian secret of secrets, or tbe beginning and return of every thing. With tbe em- bloois on the back, K may have symbolieeil the plura! Elohim long before the cahalistical additions of this mysterious type bad changnl tbe flgnre. At Ibe time ofthe departure of the Israelitea fhmi Egypt this may have been the Moloch of their nelghbora, for that idol was figured with the head of a calf or steer. A simi- lar divinity belonged to the earUest Indian, Greek, and even Scandinavian mythologies, and therefore it may be conceived that the symljol, enduring even to this day, waa at that period generally understood by ^e multitude, and consequently tbat it was afterward re- vived by Jembnam without popular opposition. Egyp- tian paintings illustrale tbe contempt which the proph- et Iloaea (x, fi) cnsls upon tbe practice of those whom he des ignatea aa '' cumins (D aamfti wtd iiw Me cafcu. ■ ■ See Baal.

a. Some regard the golden calf both of Aaron and Jeroboam as Intended by the Jews for an Egyptian (rod. Tbe arguments for this view are, 1. The ready apostasy of the Jews to Egi'ptlan superstition (Acts vii, B9, and chap, v, pasnim; UctanL InM. Iv, 10). 2. The fkct tbat they had been worahippere of A^da (Josh, xxiv, 14), and their extreme bmiliarity with

CALHOUN 2

U cdHdi (1 Eingi xt, 10). 8, Tbe nsembtiinee of tb hut dawribcd io ^od. axxii, G, tn tbe festivsl in

kmit of ApLi (SuidiiS, ■. v.'Airiott). Uf the vsrioui ■end mwi uf Eg7pt, that of lait, of Atbor, and of (ht thnt Uoda of ucred bulU, Apia, Buis, *nd Unevis, Sir G. WilkloMD flies on the Utter M tha prototype tl Iba gulden cilfj "tbe Dfferiii((>, dinclngB, Jddiigi pmcUaed t '

of JlMTi»"(JiK. ii»l. 1

loubtleis in hey bad witaeued in bonor V, 197, He pi, 35, 86). Ths 01 ■» vonhippea irotn it* utility in agriculture (nut. De h. 74;, and km ■ (jmbol of the sun, and ODiecnted to him (Hoin. Ml i,xii, etc.; Warburton, Dk. Ug. ii, 8, 5). Hence It ia almoat nniv8i«Uy iNDd in Oriental and other my tbolo^ies. 4. The ex- ptniiou, ■■ an ox that eateth hay," etc, (Pw, cvi, 20, ttc). when Mioe see an alloaion to tbe Egyptian cna- toK of bringing a bottle of bay when they cuniulled JifhiGoiwyn'i Moi./md Aar. iv, 5). Yet these termi of KOm an nther doe to ths Intense hatred of tbe Mibotbtothiaidolatryandtbatof Jeroboam. Thus, iiTiA. i, b, «a have one of Jerobotm'i calves called '■Ok iaftT Daal" (>r taiiaXi^ BirsX), which Is an nn- qgestioaaUe calnmoy ; jusi aa in the Sept. venion of Jn. iItI, is, "Afda, the chown calf" ('Aincufiioifoc mr V iiAtrrut'), ia either a mlvtake or a cormption of Ik uxt (Bochart, Hitrot. ii, 28, E, and Schleiuner, a. T.'Anc). See Apia.

I. AnsnlinK to other*, the Jews in these cases sim- ply adopted ■ well-luiown cherobic enihlem, merely •nilTiiig it as a symbol of Jeborah. Sea CaERUB. la npport of this poutkin It may be urgwl. 1. That it ii dbrfon* they were aware of tbit ryml.ol, tines Ho- ne fiodi H nnneceuary to describe It (Exod. xxv, ir K). L JoeephoBseemstolmplfttuit the calfsvmlK i»d God (Aal. Tiii, 8, 4). S. Aaron, in pmclaimir tbe feart (Exod. xxxli, 6), dlMinctty calls it a rea>t Jcborali, and speaks of the jiod as the viiil.le rrpre- •taution of Hbn who bad led tbem ont of Ep^-jiC i. It was extremely unlikely (bat they would so roi'n sdop a deitT whan thev had so recently seen hnmll- iued by tb^ Jodgmenta of Miwea (Num. xxxiii, 4).

CALIXTUS

He is beqnently mentioned (under tbe dmpte "Caius") by Jueepbue, who speaks of his rea- on of AgrlppB I to his Jewiah dominions {Aal. : 7, in) among the few acts of liberality that char- acterized the Hrst months of his rei^tn. A^r bla re- ivery tmn illness, however, which Us excesses had vuftht upon him, he gave way to hie naturally brutal temper in so violent and irrational a manner as to be evidence of downiigbt insanity, and was at length a>- satainated Jan. SI, A.D. 41. It does not appear that be moleated the ChrUtiani. He commanded Pelro- niac, govemor of Sj-ria, to place his statue in the T(m- ple at Jernsalem for tbe pnrpoea of adoration ; but tbe Jewt so vigorously opposed it that, fearing a sedition, be suspended the order (Joeephus, Aat. xvil, S). See Smith's^Vl.n/aiut..4iiJ.s.v.j Conybeare andHow-

CelD of Cillgnlj, wiUi his Heail >wl that of AognstBa <lba ■alter cnmed).

Cal'itU (Kn>.rac and KoXirat), given aa tha name of one of tbe Levites who had taken foreign wives after the restoration fhim Babylon (1 Etdr. Ix, 23, where be ia al>o called Cnuus), and who assisted In expounding the law to tbe people (ver. 48); evidently tbe Kelita (q. v.) of the genuine texts (Ezra x, 28; I Neh. viit, 7).

,11

tbe Call

fmni tbe chalice (ealir), asserted that n

B, There

«Apis.

no (alies (but see Jahn, B!bl. Arck. % 464). C. Jcro- boani'i well-andenitaod political pnrposs was, rtot to iatrodnce a new religion, but to provide a dlifer^nt torn of tbe old, and this alone explains the fact that Hii wmt the only form of Idobtry Into which Jnilah KTtr fell, since abe alnady posaessad tbe archetypal wblems in the Temple. T. It appears ttom 1 Kings iiii, G, etc., that the prophets of Israel, Ihoach sanc- tioeiiag tbe calf-worship, atill regarded tbempielvea, and wen Kfianled, at " prophets itfJekomJi," See Uold-

Callitmn, Tgoiu ■iuteT, was bora ii mdled theoIOKy in the seminary at Princeton, N, J., tod was ordained in lSi'2. He was tecretary for sev- oal totcf of tbe Board of Foreign and Domettlc Mit- mia of tbe Cumberland Pnebyterian Church, and ed- lUcoftbeJAanowirti. a periodical of the Church. In Ihe winter of 1858, while riding out. bit horse became UBuoscrahlfi, and running 0^ a bridge, Mr. Cslhoiin «tt UUed inatantly,— Wilton's Prf»*y/, Alm./orK&>.

CaligUI* (so called (h>m caligv, the fool-dresa of n nmnon soldier, which he wore while his father was in the camp In Germany), ptnperly C*ii;s Cabar, the Ikbd of the scriet of Homan emperors, was the yonn- Rtt ion of GermanlcDS, the nephew of Tiberius, by Agrippina. He was bom Aug. SI, A.D. 1! (Suetoniuii, Clnd. 8), and, after tpendini; hia youth among tbo ntdlrra in Germaiiy (Tacitus, Aim, 1, 41, 69 ; Dio Cast. Ivn, 51, be was leceived into &Tor by Tiberius after the Ul of Sejanna (A.D. 82), althoouh hie mother and tanthen had been ditgrmced by that tyrant, whom be mperoT In Ularcb, A.D.'sl. Sec Tibs-

Tbe latter,

h kinds 1

:i^l to tbe 1

■J hey a.

generally ranked by Rnmanieta sniong beretici, for many of them were perauaded by the conreaslons «r the Council of Basle, in 14P3, to be reconciled to the Roman pentifT. The reformitlnn they Himed at ex- tended principally to four articles: I.'To rirtora tbe cup to the laity. 2. To fuhject criminal clergymen to Ihe civil magistrav. 8. To atrip the clergy of their lands, lordship*, and all temporal juriadlctions, 4. To grant liberty to all priests to preacb the Word of God. — Mnsheim, Ch. ftitt. ii, 4S9; F.rrar, £bcfr(. Did. s. v. See Bohrhia; Hubsitbs.

(11.) Followers of George Catixtni. See Caux- Tira, Georok.

CallztlU I (or Callistus), Pope, the son of DiO- nysiuJ, and a Roman, succeeded Zephyrinus In 217 or 2-20. According to tbe Aelii Jfnrfjrum, he waa put to dentb by being drowned in a well. aft<r auHeiinga long Imprisonmenl, Oct. 14, 322, or Oct. 12, KS, but the ato- ry is iloubtfut. He was succeeded by Urban I. The new MR. of Hippolytna calls him a '-lierrtic," a " tcr. vile and deceitful profligate, and an cmbeuler." In doctrine, according to Hippolytna, Ctlixtua WEB a KoO- llsn, or worse; in practice, a violator both of the ec- clesiastical and tbe moral law. And yet he ia a raint of the Romiibcalendurl He is said to have built the baailicB of St, Msry Trmu Ttfrim, and the cemetery on tlie Appian AVay now called (he catacrmb of St. Seliattian (where 174,0W)martyraare said to lie barlcd). — Ughellus,/fo/io5acm,vol.i; Bing.Unit.! Mfik.0'. Rev. 1851, p. 648 ! Schaff. Hiil. of Chriitiim Ciank, i, 291,447. Se^HiPPOtTTDa,

II, Pope, son of Guitlaume, count of Bunrundy, was made archlrfshnp of Vienno in 1088, and elected pope Fell. I. IIIB, while in retirement at Clnny. He was judged likel)' to compose the troubles about Inveatltura, which had ngiUted the Church for fifty years; and even Henry V appeared to Join in tha goner il aatisfac-

OALIXTUS

Hon. At the coancil held al Rbelm* in 1110 nothii however, could be concluded to effect a ncondlisti betveeo Ueni^ and the pope, tnd tha former wu fur- null}' excomoinnicated. lnir2S,ittbeDietaf Wonna

(Sept. 48), an accommodation «a* ajgreed upon !>«- twwn the two purtiee, the emperor reservitnf Ui him- iiBlf hlB right of Bivinn to the elect the investilura of the renlla, while the pope, on hi* part, conferred the investltura bj- the cro»» and ring. In lliO Calistua returned to Rome, and re-eetabli^d the pjpicy there. In ms he held a Lateran council, in which the edicta orthcanti-popeUregoryVIlI wereannulled. Uedied Dec. 12, 112-1.— Miwhoim, C*. Hill. cent, xii, pt. ii, th. li, § S, 6 : Landon, Enl. D'.d. A, «M.

Ill, Pope, a Spanijird of Vslcncia, named Alphonso Borgia, who waa elevated to the papicy April %, 146S. If a tcrjnted a commiMinn Co review the proceedlnKi on the trial of Joan of Arc, which decided that nhe died a martyr for her rell|^on and country. Calf^tua did not cinoniie her, bat permittsd the ci^lebratlon of certain

t prodaced at the

It her t

mb. Calixtua

t ofhispontifloteforthe a;Krandi nephews (or eoni?), the Borgiaa. Be proclaimed cruiado, ecillcdHl im.nense nams and "ent an expei' tioD against the Tariia, wblcb fjileil. Ho died Aug. 6, 14u8.— Undon, Kcd. Diet, ii, 1!M.

CallztiU, GsnnoR, perhapa the moat independent and influeallal of the Latherin divlnM of hit age. was born at Uedetby:; (..r Flen^bor,; ?), Schleswig, 158G. His proper name waa KiUiafin; hla father wa§ pastor at HedelDye. Oear^ was flrgttjui;ht by hia father, then want lo Bchool at Flenaborg, and tinajly studied at the Unlverwty of Helmstidt. 16O.I-1607, After thorough culture, especially in the Aristotelian philosopbj'andln theology, he travelled into England and France on lit- erary Journeys (161)9 -1-1). On his return to Germany in Iftn he was appointed divinity professor M Helmstidt. The thesis of his iniu ,-ural waa that kinj^oma and states onnut safely eoexist with the religion of Tupists or Jesuits. Fur nearly half a century he led a life ofnn- wejried literary activity at Helmatadl. Peaceful him- peir, the aim of hie studies and oaorta was tn settle the disputes of the ChrislJan pirties, and It led him into endless controversies. Though a Lutheran all hia life, his tendencies wero Mel-incthonian, both by nature and education. " He had adopleil the opinion of the peace- makers and RjmonstTjnts that the essential doctrines of Christianity were held by all the churches, and de- sired to propigate thii opinion, and lolringtlie adher- ents of all the churches to some nearer understand- ing." Ha wrote against all exebu'V* claims in any of the churches. Against Rome he wrote De Pimiif. ,tfi-«MB Sacrifido (Francf. 16H); and numerous other puhlicstions to the same end followed it. In the C«l-

the Calvinistic view of the Eucharist : but be did not hold thftse errors to he fundamental (De PnrdjnBi CknU. Rtlig. CapUOnu [Helmttidt.16IB]) ; nor did ri^- id Lntbemnism find any more favor with liim, and he especially rejected the doctrine of the ubiquity of the body of Christ. His Hist publications trave umbrage to the Btrict Lutherans, who regarded him as lax in theology. In 1G19 he published bis EjHomt Throl-g'/r, which was warmly welcomed by his friends, but awak- ened new opponents amrm^ the rigidly orlhodoT. Ha applied Aristmlc's philosophy to theolos?', dividing the aclence Into three hearts: "(1) the objeet, man's beat (mod, including hollne«tt, immortality, etc. ; (2) thetub- jiet, God, creation, apoitasy, etc. ; (3) the rarinw, erace, redemption, tha sacrnments, etc. He also, in bis Epil. Thtolngiic Mornlii (1634), separated theolu -y fnim ethics, giving the latter the form of an independ- ent science. On this Dr. Pusey remarks, in bis Timi- ngs n/arTma»s. p. 04, that "the separation hy Cnlixlua of the system of 'Christian moral' from 'Christian doctrine,' with which It had been hitherto interwoTrn, Ihongb in itself greatly to the advantage of the unity

iO CALL

' of the latter science, seems lo have

' time no effect but that ofex

^ of the necessity of presenting It in a form influential upon the Christian life," The very titles of his wKt- Ings and those of his upponsnli would AH pages. Hii liberal views were styled Crypto-Papism, Phtlipplsm, Cri'pto-Calvinism, Babetlsm| and many other hard names, ending with AlheLm. Especlallv after the Colhiquy of Thorn, 16)5. where be showed a stronj; disposition lo compromise all minor differences in or- der to bring about a reunion of Lutherans, Reformed, and Rnmanista, the opposition of tbo bi^ ortbodas party to him and to the Heltortiidt thoolagtans, who were more or less Imbued with bis Syncretism, iii. creased. See Thorn. Colloqut op. His followers were known both ■■ SgnrrrtiOt and CaliitHie4. Tha chief objection litmigbt aj^inst him I y the more can- did of his opponents was that ho maintained, 1. That the fundamental doctrines of Christianity, by whic4i he maanc those elementary principles whence all its truths Bow, were preserved pure In all three commun- ions (Romb*, Lutheran, and Calvinistlc), and wero

I contained in that ancient form of doctrine known hy

! the name of the .'^poetlea' Creed. 2. T^Bt tbo tenets and opinions which hud been constantly received by the ancient doclon during tlie Sm Hve centuries were to 1)0 considered as of equal truth and authority with the express declarations and iloctrines of Scripture. S. That the churches which received these points, and "held Che additional tenets of the particular churches as non-eseentlal, should at once cnme Into peaceful n- lations.and thus pavo the way for B future union of

'the churches." Hia opponents were legion, but tho most bitter and persevering was Calnvius (q. v.). Ca- lixtus died March 19, 1656. A fuW list of his writiuKa is riven tn his Connltaiio de (ofcrairf'o Stformobirtim (Helmst. 1697. 4to). An Bceonnt of Callxtus, from the Pnsevite stand-point, is given in the Ckritlimi Srmem- braaerr, 1865, art i. See also Gasi, ffearg Catirt «. rf. j^rv(wiiiia(BTesl.lS46); Gie«elcr,C1t. ffiifDrjr.pt. iv, div. i, ch. Ivi Henke, Caliaai u. : Zeit (18M-50, 2 vola. 8to) ; BH&Hhrca iSocm, April, 18G6, art. vi ; Mosbi-im, Ch. iliiloiy, cent, xvii, sec. ii. pt. fi, ch. i ; Dowding, Life ami Corr. a/ G. Ci£xlmt (Lend. 1863) ; Gass, Pnl. Dogmnlik, ii, 68. See STHCRimsif.

Calker (p^5 P^T*^?. morfotii' bt'dtk, a repoirer i^the brtack, u'ln 2 Kbga xil, S; iiii, 6; Sept. and Vqig. translate at random, ouroi iv'taxoov riiv jiof- Xijv, hiii«ermt nautm ad mmiil'nioa van'rr mprltretUCiX a workman skilled in stopping the seams of tbodecli or sides ofa vessel, which appears to be the correct idea of tha pasaagea (Ezek. xxvii, 9, 2T) where the inh*1>- Itants of Gehal (or Byhlus) are said to have l>een cm- ployed in this capacity on the Tyrian vessels. See Ttrk; NAvioAnon.

Call (usually te^Ji. hn', raXiw, both which worda evidently contain the same root as their Kngl. equivft. lent] signiliea (besides Its use in giving a name), I. To crj' to another for help, and hence to pray. Iho drat passage in whicji we meet with this phrase is in Geoa- eisiv,86,"Tbenbeganmen to call upon the name of the Lord" (nin^ OUJa tt'^p^ inin IX, Sept. and Vulg. understand the Drat word as a pronoun referring to Enos, ovroc iiXriirtv imKaXttv^at rA itvepa tov t}fo", ufe ca}Kt inmcart iXMim Donnri), a phrase that baa been understood I ysome as meaning that Jehovab'9 worshippers were then called ij Hit name, but erro- neoush- (comp. Gen. xii, 8; Psa. Ixxix, 6; cv, 1 ; Isa. Ixiv, 6'; Jer. X, 25; Zeph. Hi, U). In both the Old and Kew TesL, to call upon the name of the Lord im- ports invokin.: the true God in pnyer, with a coafes- alon that Ha is Jehovah ; that is, with an acknowledg- ment of his essential and Incommunicable attributes. In this view the phrase is applied to the worship of CbrisHActsii.21; vli,59! Ix, 14; Rom. z, 12; ICor. i,2). SoeWousaiP.

CALL

n. DiTiiiE Cali. (I.) Tha word "rtW li nud In

5oi|«an wttb varioiu riKoiflotiona, » Lpplied to tha AU||lit7 witb rcajwct lo Disn. 1. In ita ordloiiy Ha« uf ''to namft," to " d«i)fnAt«" (of which oxftin-

u." I. $." He shall be 'culled Ihe Son of God" (Lnke i U): ■' Ha name ihall be culled WooderTul" (lu. ix, (]: tkat b, be alwll 1m the Son of Cud, he shall l« nodufDl, and sbiiil be thui acknowiedged. 2. In tta dengnaluin uf individuals to some <ipsL-ia1 office or ftactkm. e. g. the call of Beulwl (Exod. ixxi, 3) ; the cJUij of the )iidKw, propheti-, etc (r. g. tio. xxii, SO ; AoUiiii,!) a. In tbedeaigiutiKiiorniitioiu tocer- tiin furtiuiu, pTlviU.-f I, or puniabmonts (Lam. ii,iS; l*i.'i,J6),e*pectany oflaimel to be God's cbnren peo- pla(I>«it.vii.G B; lM.xli.9; xli1,6; xliii.l; xlvUi, li li; li, 1; Ho*, xi, 1). 4. To denote the invitation tadnnen to accept the ktjcb of God in the Riftnf His Sia(Hatt.L]t,13; xi,-;H; xxii.li Liilie xiv,lG,17). S.To dcooW the extent of the divine i^riUtioI^ to Gealiln ai well aa Jewi, shooing the univenality of li» iJi (Rom. ii, a, 35). 6. To denote a condition in life (I Cor. Tii. SO. etc}.

(II.) Two qaestionn aiix a> to the divine call (o ■ra.(l.) Why do not all who receive it embrace it? •sd (:> Why have not uU mankind eren }-rt had the biilatkin ? In view of tbcae qurationa, the old l.n- tberan divines spejk of Lbe vGcaXio onfminit dirrcUt {tbe DTdinarir direct call) as being, 1. Stria, i. e. really naaot as a call on God's part, aa be desires snd in- uadi tbe salvation of all. Thli Is opposed to the Cal-

pcedntined to salvatioa sre really called. S. Egiear, <r bFlm Snjicirtu, i. e. always adequate to the conver- niiB, DoC only <i[ those who heed tin call, but of those ■bo disfei^aid it; and therefore, B. AmriiftiJw, reu ' Ills, aad not couipnlaory (Qoenstedt, Thol. Did. i ud il», 4. Umrrrialu, univernil, God called all hunaD race (1.) In tbe promise of Chript to lirulse isqi^nl'i bead (Cien. iii, 1&), given to the race tbrra «r dnt pircDta; (3.) in Xoab.tbe preacher of ri);bt- Munesi. a call to all Au deacendaiita (Gen. ix, 9; i VtL'a.ifi (3.) in tbe Gospel commission (Malt, xxviii, 19; lUrk xvi, 15i comp. Rom. x, 1«; fol. " TTii. Sli). The roiflinUsion eitCDded to ■grid." and its execution is declared to have been ec- anplulied in Acts xvii, 30 ; Rom. i, 18; Col. Tbe qiwstinn whether even America vtaa reac tbe Knt preaching of Christianity is treated b Uu in his essay entitled An ijb ApinlBlli Etmngtlian

sTMnAq did not (to, the iwiaroX^ did. As to tbe fiihirFof men lo receive and obey the divine call. It BM God's fault, but tbeir own. He "calls," but thi "■ill" not. In general, it may be assumed that wb( rvei the Church of God is set up, men receive the i TIM call, and tbeir reaponsibility is pioportlonal lo tl M^rt of light which shines upon tbem (Matt, xi, 'i' )1 ; uiii, 37 : Luke xii, ■17, «•). The same princif ipplir* to the case of heathen. Here also lies tl dotToflbe Church to send ni in ion » to tbe hesthrn.

(HI.) The CalviDistic doctrine of i-^ecTui/ cofi'i's^ is tbaset forth in the WritmimiUr Cai/r. '

•' L All those whom God bath predesl Old ihnee onlv, be in pleased, in bia aj npted dme, effertaally to call, by bia Wonl and Spirit, «et of that Mate ot ain and dealb in which tbey are by nitnre, lo irrwe and salvation by Jesus Christ ; tidilniing their minds spiritually and savingly to dsntsDd tbe thing! of God ; taking away their heart •fftooe. and giving onto tbem a heart ng their willv, and by bis AlviigAlf p H^ lo Hal wJUcA u ffnod; and effectually orswmu Ana to Jesus Cbrlst, yet ao u tbey come moat freely, bein^ aiade willin;; by his ^race.

"?. This effectual call is of God's trra and special pirt alone, not from any tblng it all fOrewen in nun,

31 CALL

who la altogether paaalve therein, nntU, being quick- led and renewed by the Holy Spirit, he <a tberel.y laliled to answer thia call, and to embrace the grace fered and conveyed in It,

"3. Eleiit infants, dying in Infiincy, are regenerated id saved by Christ through the Spirit, who worketh . ben. snd where, and bow he pleasetb. So also are

nnt elected, aldinugb they may be called by the mlDistry of the Wi rd, and may have some eoin- of the Spirit, yet tbey never truly corns , and therpfiire cannot be aaved; miuh liti prflfijt ng /As Chr<9iUm rtligion be tmrd .n mjr eltieT nuimier u kaliorrrr, be Ihry trtr to dihgnit lo 'rawHtlvirliranccofdiiiglo iJie light of naturr, Itni the iw of that religion tbry du profbu ; and to assert and laintain that they nihy Is very pemiciouB, and to be detested."

The scriptural argument! for and against the doc- trine are thus aUtad by Watson :

1. According to the CBlviniadc view, "In the gold- en chain of sphilual bleulnga which the apoatle enu. meralea in Bom. vlii, Bll, orl. inating In the divine pre- deetlnation, and terminating in tbe bestowment of eternal glory on tbe heirs of xalvation, that of calling forma an important link. ' Moreover, whom he did predestinate, them he also called ; and whom he call- ed, tbem be alto gloiifled.' Hence we read of 'tbe called according to hla purpoae,' Rom. viii, 28. Then la indeed a univerul call uf the Gospel to all men ; fbr wherever it come* It ia the voice of God to those who bear it, calling them to repent and lielieve the divine taalimDuy unto the avlrution of their rouls; and it leaves them laexcusable in rejecting it (John 111, 14- 19); but this univeraal call is not insaparubly connect- ed with salvation; for it la in reference lo it that Christ says, 'Many are called, bat few are cboaen' (Ustt. xxii, U). But the Scripture also apeaka of a calling which is effectual, and which conseqaently is more than the ontward ministry of the Word; yea, more than some of lis partial and temporary eflbcts upon many who hear it, Rir it Is always ascribed to God'a making hb arotd al^tual through the enUithtening and sanc- tifying inflnences of bia Holy Spirit. Thus it la Bald, ' Paul may plant, and Apollos water, but God gtveth the increase' (1 Cor. til, 6. 7). Again, Ha ia said lo have ' opened the heart of I.ydia, that ahe attended to tbe doctrine of Paul' (Aru xvi, 14). ' Ko man can come unto Christ, except tbe Father draw faim' (John Ti, 44). Hence faith ia said to be the gift of God lEph. ii, 8; Pbll. i, 39). The Spirit takea of tho tilings of Christ and shows them to men (John xvi, 14), and tbua <q>ena tbeir eyes, turning them from darkness to lUbt. and fh m tbe power of SaUn unto Cod (Acts xxvl, la). And so God saves his people, notl.ywotka of righlaouaneee which they have done, but according to hia mercy, by the washing of regenrri-tion and re- newing of tho Holy Spirit (Tifua iii, S). Thus they are aaved, and called wllh a holy calling, not accord- inw to tbeir work*, hut according to tbe divine purpnre and RTace which was civen them In Chiiet Jesus be- fore tbe world began (2 Tim. 1, S).

"!. To thia it is replied that this whole statement respecting a l>ellever'a calling ia without any snpport from the ScHpturri. 'To call' signifies to invite to the bleaaings of the Goapel, lo offer ralvation through Christ, either by God himself, or, under his appoint. ment, by his servants ; and in tbe paraljle of tlie mar- riage of the king's son (Matt, xxii. 1-14), which ap- pears to have given rise. In many instances, to the nre of thia term in the epistles, we have three descriptions of 'called' or in\-ited periona. (I,) The disobedirnl, .who would not come In at the csll. but made light of It. (!.) Tbe class of persons represented by the man who, when the king came in to see bis cue»ts, had rot OD tlie wedding gam-.cnt, and with respect to an»

CALL

32

CALL

onr LoM makea tiia gsnenl nnurk, ' For manv an I oll«d, but hn an cbown ;' » diat ths perwD* tbuB | npreiented by this Individual culprit wsra not ooly ■ called, ' but actually cims Into the company. (8.) The

approvsd gaerts — thoM vho vera Iwth called and | ciio«n. As far ■■ the simple calling or invitilion is | concMTied, aU Wood upon equal ground — sll were in- j vited ; and it depended upon their choice and condnct I whether Ihes emiiraced the invitation and were ad- mitted as guenti). We have nothing here to counter nance the notion of what li termed 'eff^ctaal calling.' Tfaii Implias an irreaiitilile Influence sxert«l upon all the approved Kneata, but withheld Troni the diaobe- dient, who could not, therefore, be otherwise than dis- obedient, or, at moat, could only come In without that wedding Kanneat.«hich it was never pot Into their power to take oat of tbc king's wardrobe, and the want of which would necesserllj exclude them, if not ttom the Church on earth, yet fn.m the Church in tieaven. The doctrine of Christ's paraUIci is in rntire contradiction to this notion of Irresititilile inflaence; fi>r they who refused and they who complied but par- tially with the callhig are n^tesented, not mrrely as being left without the benefit of the frsst, but aa in- clining additional guilt and condemnation for refusing the invitation. It is to this ofl«r of salvation by the QoFpel, tbia invitation to spiritual and eternal brnefita, that St, Peter appears l« refer when he sayi, ' For the prmniie is unto you and to yonr children, and to all that mn afar off, even aa many aa tiM Lord onr God rball eaW (Acts U, 89); a passage wbicb declares 'the promise' to be as exl«iuive aa the 'calling,' in other words, as the offrr or invitstion. To this also i t. Taul refers (Rom. i, 6, 6), ' By whom we have r»- calved grace and apoBtleiblp, fi>r obedience to the faith rmong all nations, for his name;' that la, to publish bis GoBpel, in order to bring all nations to (be cbe- dirnce of faith; 'among whom ye are aire the caOid of Jeaua Chrlit;' you at Kome have heard the Gospel, and have been invited to salvslion In conrequence of tliis design. This promnlgitlon of the Gospel, by the perronal ministry cf the afostle, under the name of caU'vg, ia airo referred to in Gal. 1, It, ' I marvel that ye are so aeon removed ttotn him that calltdj/oii into the grace of Cbritt,' obviously meaning tbat it was be himself who had called them, by bis preaching, to cm- brace the grace of Christ. Eo also in chap, v, IS, 'For, brelhren, ye have been ealird unto lilenv.' Again (1 Theaa. ii, 12). ' Tbsl j-. wonid «alk wcrthy of God, who bath (ntfed you,' invited you, 'to hiskJog- dom and glory.'

"8. In onr Lord'* parable it will alao be o1 served that the peraona called are not invited as separata In- dividuals to partake of aolitary lilesfinps; but they ■re called to 'a feait,' Into a company or tociely, be- fore whom the lanquf t ia apnad. The full revciatlon of the transfer of the visible Church of Chrift IVcm Jews ly l.trtb to believcra of ail nationr, waa not, hnw- evcT, then made. When Ihii Irsnch of the evangelic syatem waa fully revraled to the apostle >, and taught ly them to otheri, that part of the meaning of our Lnrd'a parable which waa not at flrat developed waa mnre particularly diccovrred to lilt inspired filloirers. The catling ofguests to the evangelical feait, we then more fully learn, was not the mere railing of men to partake of ainritual benrAta, l.ut calling them alfo la form a spiritual society composed of Jews and Gentiles, the believing men of all nations, to have a comir.on fellowship in there hlee^oga, and to be formed into this fellowship for the purpose of inrreating their num- tier, and dlffualng the tenef.ta of salvation among the people or nation to which they respectively l*iorgcd. The Invitation, 'the calling,' of the lirst preachers kcb to all who heaid them in Rome, In EptarFUn, in Corinth, and other places; and those who enil raced it, and Joined themsekea to the Church by faith, I aptirm. ard continued pullic fmfcEtion. were named, iFpeciallr

and eminently, 'the called,' because of their obedtance to the invitation. They not only pnt In their claim to the hlea^n^a of Christianity individually, but be- came memtiers of the new Church, that spltitnal aoei- ety of believers which God now visibly owned aa his people. As they were thus called into a common M- lowahlp by the Goapel, this ia sometimes termed tbeb 'vocation;' aa the olijact of this Church state was to promote ' holinesa,' It is termed a ' holy vocation ;' u sanctity waa requlrvd of the members, they were said Uk have been 'calledto be saints;' asthe final result waa, through ths mercy of Gnd, to be eternal life, we hoar of 'the hope of their calling,' and of their being 'call- ~ to his alamal glory by Chrlat Jenu.'

These views will abundantly explain the vb-

of the

in which the term ctiliag occun epiatlea; 'Even na whom he hath ca'lrd, nol Jewa only, hut tin of the Gentiles' (Rom. in, n); that is, whom ho hath made meml)eni of hla Church through fulth. 'But unto them which are catltd, both Jewa and Greeka, Christ the power of God an<t the wisdom of God ;' the wisdom and efficacy of the Goa- pel being, of course, acknowledged In their very jaa- fbsslon of Christ, In opposition to those to whom the prjachinK of ' Christ crucltleil" wss ' a stumbling-block' and 'foolishness' (1 Cor. i, 34). 'Is any man catlBF (brought to acknowIsdj(e Christ, and to become a mem- bar of hia Church), 'bein;( circumcised? let him not b3comn undrcumclAOl. Is any calM in iindrcnn>- eision ? let him not be circumcised' (1 Cor. vU, 18). 'That ye walk worthy of the tDcilian wbei«with ye are called. Then is one body and one S|nrit, even aa ve are cailedln one hope of yonr calling' (Eph. It, 1,4). ' That \>e would wulh worthy of God. who hath cafini you to' his kingdom and glory' (1 Thesa. ii, IS). 'Through aanctlHcation of the Spirit, and belief of the truth, whereunto he called you by oar Goapei, to the obtaining of the glow of our Lord Jesus Chriat' (2 Thess. ii, 18, 14). 'Who hath aavad us and called ua with a holy calling; not according to onr works, bat according to hia own pnrpose and grace, which was given ua In Christ Jesua before the world be;jui,'but ia now made manifest by the appearing of our Saviour Jeans Christ' (3 Tim. I, 9, 10). On this passage we may remark that the 'calling' and the 'purpose' mea- tioned In it must of necessity be interpreted to refer tn the establishment of ths Church on the principle of faith, ao that It might Include men of all nations; and not. as formerly, be restricted to natnrjl descent For p^nowiiefcrfiKiand a purpose otfjectitnlptrtoruilcall. mg cnuld not have been hidden till manifested by the 'appe3rin;jnf Christ,' since every instance of true con- venion to God In any age prior to the appearing of Christ would be as much a manifestaCion of eternal election, and an instance of personsl effectual callin:^, acciirdin;! to the CaMnlstic scheme, as It was aflur the sppBBTancfl of Christ. The apostle Is speaklna of ■ purpose of God, which waa kept lecr^ tilt revealed by the Christian system ; and th>m various other parallel

>t tills SI

he often calU it, was the union of the Jews and Gen- tiles in 'one body,' or Church, hy faith.

"3. In none of these passages is the doctrine of tha enclusivB ciHIn;; of a set number of men contatnei'; and the Synod of Dort, as thou.-h they felt thL', onN attempt to infer the doctrine from a text alnad}- qnoCed, but which we will now more fully notice: ' Whom he did predestinate, them he also coUnf ; and whom he caUrd. them he also justified ; and whom be Justified, them he also glorified' (Rom. viii, 30). Thb

docti

which

e Calvii

st their

T, ihmu'ih It

calling; and tracing it, as they 9 and links, they conclude tbat a number of persons having been 'edestinated unto salvation, this set numlier only are I'frJ iJTrcltiallg, then Jnatifled. and finally gloriHed, uttbis piBsige was evidentiy nothing to the purpoee,

CALLENBERG 3:

inlriT ff had ipokcn nf a Kt and d«t«niiiDate